The ecological relationship between a shark and a jack (a type of fish in the family Carangidae, such as crevalle jack or yellowtail jack) is most commonly described as commensalism or facilitation, though it can also involve elements of mutualism or opportunistic predation, depending on context. Here’s a breakdown:
Key Ecological Interactions
Commensalism
Jack benefits: Jacks are often observed swimming near sharks (e.g., reef sharks, tiger sharks, or bull sharks). By staying close to sharks, Jack:
Scavenge leftovers from the shark’s kills.
Exploit disturbed prey flushed out by the shark’s hunting activity.
Shark unaffected: The shark neither benefits nor is harmed by the jack’s presence.
Facilitation
Sharks may unintentionally create opportunities for jacks:
Prey herding: As sharks hunt, smaller fish panic and scatter, making them easier targets for jacks.
Distraction: Prey focused on avoiding the shark may not notice the jack.
Mutualism (context-dependent)
In rare cases, the relationship may become mutualistic:
Cooperative hunting: Jacks might corral fish into tighter schools, making the shark’s attack easier.
Early warning system: Jack’s sensitivity to disturbances could alert sharks to nearby prey or threats.
Opportunistic Predation
Larger sharks (e.g., great whites, bull sharks) may occasionally prey on smaller jacks, but this is not a primary interaction.
Examples in Nature
Reef ecosystems: Jacks follow reef sharks to scavenge scraps from their hunts.
Open ocean: Oceanic whitetip sharks and pilot fish (a related behavior) share a similar dynamic, though jacks are less specialized for this role.
Why This Relationship Matters
Energy efficiency: Jacks reduce their hunting effort by capitalizing on the shark’s activity.
Ecosystem balance: This interaction supports nutrient cycling and prey population control.
Contrast with Similar Relationships
Sharks and remoras: Remoras physically attach to sharks for transport and feeding (classic commensalism). Jacks maintain more independence.
Groupers and moray eels: Cooperative hunting (mutualism), which is more intentional than the shark-jack dynamic.
In most cases, the shark-jack relationship is commensal, with the jack benefiting from the shark’s presence while the shark remains unaffected. However, the exact nature of their interaction can vary based on species, habitat, and behavior.
What is the difference between television and film? Today TV and movies seem to repeat this experience vaguely. When television emerged, the contradiction between film and television was quite sharp. The most poignant thing is that many people blame TV for the shrinking of the movie market, thinking that TV has seized the movie market.
To do everything possible to capture the audience, the effective way is to strengthen the viewing and excitement of TV dramas, to be good at telling stories, to enhance the attraction, and to compete with movies and other TV programs. The aesthetic media of television and film are different. They believe that there is a quantitative difference between the size of the screen and the screen.
Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about 3 easy comparisons or differences between television and film
The feature films and TV dramas, which respectively use the movie screen and the TV screen as the carrier, are all narrated by the composite means of picture and sound. It can be said that they are the synthesis of time art and space art. There is no doubt about that. It is worth noting that when defining the artistic characteristics of TV dramas, some people always compare them with movies, hoping to extract the unique character and personality of TV from the comparison of movies and TV to establish a system of TV art.
The reason why some people like to use TV and movies as a horizontal comparison may be because they both belong to the family with the surname “Electric”, and they are all arts with “Electric”. Genes and characteristics, you can also set up a separate account. Therefore, when some people discuss the characteristics of TV, they are doing everything possible to find the basis for the division of film and television, to win a place for TV drama in the field of art.
This brings to mind the conflicting experiences of film and drama. There was a time when the movie was clamoring for a “divorce” from the theater, throwing away the theater crutches in its hands. Cinema has grown up with the help of theatre in its infancy. Once you can walk on your own, you have to throw away the crutches and break up with the partner who helped you. As a result, some people felt that the film was particularly unrighteous, and it sparked a debate.
Now TV and movies seem to repeat the experience vaguely. The contradiction between film and television has long been experienced in the West. When television emerged, the contradiction between film and television was quite sharp. Some filmmakers think that television is just like a nouveau riche, a budding upstart invading the territory of the film with impunity; while some TV people regard the film as a dying giant with a kind of pioneer’s overbearing enthusiasm. Secretly peeping at the equipment of the movie studio.
In developed countries, when the market competition becomes more intense when the commercial conflict between the two media reaches its peak, they both have a fanatical and exclusive loyalty to their respective media. Of course, in developing countries, although there will also be many conflicts between film and television and the competition mechanism of the market economy, for us, it will be regulated by state institutions, and will never intensify the contradictions and produce exclusive behavior, to affect their development.
However, we can’t help but see that the contradictions between film and television do exist, such as the problem of competing for scripts and themes, the problem of repeated shooting, and so on. For example, “A Dream of Red Mansions”, “Phoenix Qin”, ” The Happy Life of the Poor Zhang Damin “, etc., have not only made movies but also made TV series. The most poignant thing is that many people blame TV for the shrinking of the movie market, thinking that TV has seized the movie market.
Of course, this view is incomplete, but it shows that the contradiction between film and television exists and cannot be avoided. The question is how to resolve these contradictions and make them develop in the direction of complementary advantages. To get rid of the domination of the film boss, seek their independence, and establish an aesthetic system for TV dramas, some people seem to have come to such views or concepts after comparing them with movies.
(1) The material materials of TV and film are different
Although both television and film are arts with “electricity”, television uses tape and film uses film. The difference between “magnetic” and “glue” is only one word, but their functions, usage, and effects are quite different. The tape is easy to use, and the recording effect can be seen on the spot through playback. If the effect is not good or not ideal, you can decide to re-record on the spot. After the film is shot, the filming effect cannot be seen on the spot.
It needs to be sent to the printing department to develop the negative film, and then it is possible to see the filming effect after copying it into a positive film, so the process is more complicated. In contrast, TV production is fast, saves time, and saves financial and material resources. Its advantage is that it can quickly reflect contemporary themes, and even synchronize with time.
The biggest advantage of glue over magnetic is mainly clarity, and now high-definition TV has begun to play due to the improvement of TV digital technology. In addition, the technology of telecine and magnetic to glue has also been solved, so the difference between glue and magnet has become smaller and smaller.
(2) The way of watching TV and movies is different
They believe that television is an open-home art. TV sets are mostly placed indoors, and most of the people who watch TV series together are family members, relatives, and friends, the atmosphere is more harmonious, and the viewing behavior is more relaxed and casual, unlike watching movies, which must be locked in a closed dark room collectively. Watching, not communicating with each other, not affecting each other, and watching behavior are subject to certain restrictions.
Watching TV is not restricted, you can communicate, walk around, chat, laugh, and judge at will, and you can also do housework while watching TV. Thus television creates a sense of intimacy. At the same time, due to the randomness of viewing methods, it is easy to cause distraction, and it will also cause a psychological obstacle to the TV audience, thereby bringing a kind of negativity. The viewing psychologist is slightly unhappy or not interested in the program. The device can switch channels at any time, or simply shut down, creating a sense of alienation.
For this reason, some people think that the creation of TV dramas should be based on the differences in viewing methods, try to adapt to the intimacy of family art, and avoid and limit its negativity. To do everything possible to capture the audience, the effective way is to strengthen the viewing and excitement of TV dramas, to be good at telling stories, to enhance the attraction, and to compete with movies and other TV programs.
(3) The aesthetic media of television and film are different
They believe that there is a quantitative difference between screen and screen size. The screen area is small and the screen area is large. One small and one large, not only in the sight distance but also in the visual experience. From this, a concept is formed: that TV dramas should use close-up and close-up to express characters and narrate the plot, and should not use long-range and panoramic views. When Japanese TV director Katsumi Oyama came to give a lecture in China, he also clearly mentioned this point of view.
He believes that the screen is small, the panorama and perspective are weak in performance on the small screen, the clarity is poor, it is not easy for the audience to browse clearly, and at the same time, it lacks explosive power. and impact force, so use as little as possible. Unlike movies, the screen is large and high-definition, so it is suitable to use panoramic and long-range scenes to express large-scale scenes and create a majestic momentum. This is the advantage of the movie, but also the disadvantage of the TV screen.
Therefore, the TV should make the best of its strengths and avoid its weaknesses. Some of the above views can be said to have no certain truth, I think it is difficult to establish as a TV concept. Because the superiority of material and conditional theory can only restrict and limit an art, and cannot be considered in the aesthetic category of this art, because the beauty of art is displayed by the ontology of this art. If we just look for the basis of material differences and external conditions and then justify it, there is not much truth in aesthetics and artistic laws.
The establishment of the above-mentioned concept of TV drama not only does not help to think in the category of aesthetics but will restrict and restrict the development of TV art. From the perspective of the overall composition of the two arts of film and television, in addition to the differences in material materials, production methods, aesthetic media, and viewing methods, the principles and laws of artistic creation.
Such as audio-visual language, means of expression, display skills, aesthetic functions, and social In terms of the laws of function and other aspects, as well as in terms of creation principles, generalizing the theme, expressing ideas, shaping characters, structuring plots, coordinating rhythms, finding forms that fit the content, and many other aspects are also interlinked. means to meet the aesthetic needs of the audience.
From the above reasons, it can be seen that the many problems involved in the artistic creation of films are also the problems faced by the artistic creation of TV dramas. Therefore, the creative experience of both sides of the film and television can communicate and learn from each other. Many TV drama directors follow the concept and method of the movie to shoot TV dramas, and they have achieved certain artistic effects and are welcomed by the audience.
It can be seen from this that there is no need to mark an artificial boundary gap for the two arts of film and television in the field of creation or build a wall to separate the two sides, which is not good for both sides of film and television. Amphibious director. Some directors have bluntly said: “I shoot TV dramas according to the method of making movies.” And many foreign TV dramas are mostly filmed with film, and then processed and produced by the method of telecine.
So the picture quality is very good. At the same time, some special effects in the movie are mostly done by TV special effects. Therefore, it is beneficial to both parties to exchange, learn from and absorb each other in the creation of film and television. The above-mentioned concept of using close-up and close-up in TV dramas has a certain rationale, but it cannot be absolute, and cannot be viewed from a metaphysical perspective, but needs to be viewed dialectically.
Because the expressiveness of the screen is diverse, the size and choice of the scene cannot be defined based on the single argument of aesthetic media but also based on the needs of content and form, as well as the creator’s style and subjective choice. Although there is a quantitative difference between the screen and the screen in size, we should also notice another comparison of things, that is, the viewing distance between the viewer and the screen and the screen is not equal, and there is a gap.
Although the screen is large, the viewing distance is far; the screen is small, but the viewing distance is relatively short. Compared with this, the big and the far, the small and the close, there is a parallax offset between each other, and there is no visual experience. too big a disparity. Therefore, taking the screen and the size of the screen as the basis for the selection of scenes does not conform to the concept of artistic principles or laws.
Therefore, the creation of TV series does not need to be restricted by the screen frame when selecting scenes, otherwise, it will become a pattern. The key problem is not to choose the scene according to the size of the screen, but to find the appropriate expression form and scene according to the content. The early famous work “The Sun Rises From Here” by the TV drama director Zhang Shaolin made a bold breakthrough in the composition of the scene.
There are more than 350 shots in the first and second episodes of “Too”, of which there are only 21 close-up shots and 69 close-up shots, totaling about 90 shots, accounting for only 25% of the total number of shots, and the proportion is not too large. On the contrary, vision and panorama account for a considerable proportion, more than half. Due to the use of a large number of panoramas and long-term perspectives in the play, the coverage of large scenes has been fully utilized.
To create a magnificent modern construction site momentum and the atmosphere of the times, it has played a role in expanding the space capacity and setting off the connotation and found an appropriate expression for the content. In addition, it also effectively uses the contrast method of pictures and images, using the scene scheduling of large depth of field on the screen, through the perspective relationship between far and near, large and small, front and back, high and low, it is quite strong.
The contrast between an open big world and a closed small society, a China that is moving towards modernization and a China that maintains ancient folk customs, is presented to the audience; in the same space, the advanced and the backward are intertwined, and the civilization and the ignorance are contrasted. Among them, the group photo of the foreigner and the donkey, and the group photo of the village girl Nianxiang and the car, contrasted with each other, not only radiant and interesting.
But also through the sharp contrast of the images, the intriguing ideas were externalized, which made people feel a lot. If these pictures are not represented by large scenes, but close-up and close-up, it is obviously impossible to cover them, and the contrasting effect of art is also difficult to show.
The most striking thing is when the village girl Nianxiang drove her donkey to and fro between the giant trucks on the construction site, the exchanges between people and things, things, and scenery. How can the contrast and contrast with the small, the front and the back, the high and the low be reflected? If only a close-up or close-up is used to emphasize the surprised face and excited eyes of Nianxiang, it can only show the joy of the characters and the amount of information overflowing.
It is less and single, and can only convey the content of the picture. Because the space in the picture frame is blocked and filled with the faces or eyes of the characters, the sense of perspective of the picture is bound to be reduced, resulting in the closedness of the screen, and the passage of its thought extension is not smooth, which not only reduces the inner tension of the picture, and its meaning also appears to be straightforward and single.
Starting from the content, the drama “Tai” breaks through the concept that the screen should only be used for close-up or close-up, gives full play to the advantages of panoramic and long-range views, and constitutes an open perspective space. The content of the signifier is not limited to the excitement of Nianxiang’s personal feelings.
It focuses on excavating an artistic conception, a connotation, an atmosphere, and an inexplicable and unclear emotion, and sublimates it into a speculative philosophy through the blending of scenery and emotion, and the connection between meaning and reason. So that people can elevate it to the height of the aesthetic objects to examine it.
How to deal with large and small scenes, choose a variety of viewpoints, and design different angles are determined by the director according to the content provided by the script. The above lists the remarkable artistic effects achieved by the use of large scenes in the drama “Tai”. It is not intended to be biased, to depreciate the role of close-ups and close-ups, or that large scenes must be better than small scenes.
Each scene has its performance function, which should be selected according to the needs of the content, not the screen or the size of the screen. Similarly, when I was shooting a TV drama showing the theme of war, to express the spectacular scenes and grand scale and momentum of the war, I also used a large number of panorama and long-range depth of field scenes to meet the needs of the content and achieved a certain effect.
It can be seen that the content determines the form, and the creative principle that the form must serve the content is not outdated, and it should be followed in the creation of both movies and TV series. From the above argument, it is not difficult to see that TV dramas and feature films are similar in terms of artistic creation rules and creation principles, and can learn from each other. In essence, there is no fundamental difference between TV dramas and movies in terms of creation.
What is the difference between television and radio advertising? TV is different, it is derived from the broadcasting system, it has sound first, and then the picture image, and color intervene. From the above reasons, it can be seen that the importance of language in television is inseparable from the historical connection of broadcasting. Therefore, there are historical reasons why some TV dramas still have traces of radio dramas. Because the receptor of TV mainly refers to the audience, and the receptor of radio refers to the audience.
Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about the difference and comparison between television and radio advertising
If we make horizontal comparisons and vertical reflections on TV, I think we should take radio as its frame of reference. Undoubtedly, if a historical review of the film is made, it can be seen that it originated in silent film, then sound recording equipment was invented, and intervened in film, and then there was color, and then it developed into widescreen, stereo, etc. form.
TV is different, it is derived from the broadcasting system, it has sound first, and then the picture image, and color intervene. Therefore, in the infancy of TV picture was used to illustrate the sound with the broadcast. In the initial stage of the film, it was a silent film, without the cooperation of sound, and had to find ways to use images to narrate and express ideas, so that the audience could understand.
From the above reasons, it can be seen that the importance of language in television is inseparable from the historical connection of broadcasting. Therefore, there are historical reasons why some TV dramas still have traces of radio dramas. You may like Internet TV and traditional TV 4 easy difference.
Television is separated from the broadcasting system, and the sensory reception is mainly the difference between “listening” and “seeing”. Watching TV and listening to the radio are the words that people often talk about, but it shows the respective characteristics of TV and radio, and we often ignore this most insightful truth. I think TV should analyze its characteristics from the perspective of “vision”, just as novels emphasize “said” and dramas are surnamed “words”, doesn’t their naming properly standardize their respective characteristics?
Therefore, when we discuss the characteristics of TV, we should pay special attention to the visual characteristics of TV, which is the boundary between it and broadcasting. Radio re-listening and television re-watching are determined by their characteristics. Of course, TV dramas do not exclude language, and language is still an important means of expression for TV dramas. Although TV is an audio-visual communication medium, as its name implies, its main function should be on the “vision”. Because the receptor of TV mainly refers to the audience, and the receptor of radio refers to the audience.
There is a clear distinction between seeing and hearing. Therefore, the TV should pay special attention to its viewing, to satisfy the aesthetic enjoyment of the audience’s visual perception. There is an old saying in China, “A hundred times of hearing is better than seeing once.” It can be seen that hearing it a hundred times is not as good as seeing it in person. It is concise and comprehensive. It is worth thinking about the comparison between listening and listening.
If the Chinese folk sayings are only summed up by experience and intuition, then the experiments of relevant foreign research institutions may be more scientific and convincing. According to experiments conducted by American and French film research institutions, the eyes are the organ that receives the largest amount of information in the human body. They pointed out that 70% of the information obtained by humans through the senses is received through the eyes. Through visual perception, human not only accepts the stimulus information in the physiological sense but also understands and grasps the superficial and even deep meaning contained in a large number of visual stimuli based on visual perception.
In addition, the former Soviet Union theorist Zahiliyan also said: “According to various experimental data, the human brain receives reports from the eyes, on average, about 30 times that of another important sense – the ear”. Leonardo da Vinci, the great Italian painter of the Renaissance, said: “The eyes, known as the windows of the soul, are the gateway to the soul, by which the soul can examine the infinite works of nature in the widest and most magnificent way, and the ear is the seat of the soul. Second, it earns its worth by listening to what it sees with the naked eye”.
It can be seen from the above argument that the visual factor is more important than the auditory factor, especially for works with ornamental artistic features. Whether it is Chinese discoveries and generalizations, or foreigners’ experiments and corroboration, it is enough to prove that the amount of information obtained by reading is much greater than by listening. This is certain and cannot be denied.
However, from the viewing effect of the current TV screen, it is not satisfactory. In addition to broadcasting news programs and talk-based programs that focus on listening, in some highly entertaining programs, especially in TV dramas, the frequency of language appearance is much higher than the expressiveness of picture modeling. Now many TV dramas seem to let people listen to TV instead of watching TV. If this continues, audiences will be accustomed to listening to them rather than watching them enthusiastically. Over time, the audience’s visual perception will be attenuated. Because the picture lacks charm, it loses its appeal to the audience.
Of course, there is also a “soap opera” genre, which is known for its language and is directed at housewives who do housework. But as the overall composition of TV dramas, we can’t use the type of housewife as a model for production, right?
Japanese TV director Katsumi Oyama once said when he came to China to give a lecture: “There are some TV dramas in Japan that can only be watched while doing business. It is better to say that you are listening to radio dramas than watching TV. Because you can understand the plot just by listening to your ears. , You can also imagine the picture through the sound. Generally, you listen to it when you are busy doing things, and then look at the picture when you hear interesting places.
In this sense, TV broadcasts pay attention to sound effects and try to use this communication medium as much as possible. However, Katsumi Oyama himself does not agree with this view, he said: “Generally people think that the character’s thoughts and feelings are reflected through the actors’ performances and actions, instead of the interpretation of the lines, and they do not even directly explain but use symbols. It is a high-level TV series that suggestively depicts characters. Some people think that TV dramas that rely on commentary to win are a kind of retrogression and vulgarization.
It is much easier and less clever to use more commentary in TV dramas.” He also said: “Just want to It is better to let the audience read the script if the audience is attracted by the content and speech of the drama .” It can be seen that the proliferation of language in TV dramas is not determined by the characteristics of TV, on the contrary, the nature of TV should emphasize its viewing quality, and should strengthen the director and filming. Personnel’s visual awareness.
The current situation is that watching TV is like listening to the radio. The characters in the TV series are all articulate and eloquent. When they talk, they can talk endlessly. , As if the characters do not speak, the play cannot go on. And some TV dramas are deliberately showing off language, playing with language, and showing off some ruffian slang, Jianghu slang, and vulgar slang words of folk flirting as the mainstream language of life; Inconsistent foreign languages and epigrams show the author’s erudition and talents, but the audience is at a loss when they see it, and they can’t tell the identity of the characters in the play.
They talked about astronomy and geography for a while, network knowledge for a while, stock trading experience for a while, and cloning technology for a while, as if they were all rare all-rounders, some rare elites. The most common thing is that some writers and directors use language to open up joints, plug loopholes, or make patches in the easiest way when there are loopholes in the plot, or when there are loopholes that cannot be resolved. Language has become an emergency. the panacea. This is also one of the reasons for the proliferation of language in TV dramas.
Why does the TV picture, which is good at visuals, give language an advantage? Why do some directors abandon visual means with more than 70% of the information, and prefer auditory means with less information? It is probably because the language has become a part of some directors They have tools that they are familiar with and use with ease. Once they are allowed to use image ontology to create images and express their ideological meanings, they will be powerless. This may be another reason for the excess of language.
The language material on the screen is excessive, the visual material is poor and in short supply, the picture is only a symbol of the graphic language, and the phenomenon of “seeing with listening” is not uncommon. As a result, the ability and charm of image modeling will weaken and disappear.
Everything that could have been discovered by the eyes, things that could be expressed by visual images and pictures, and the truth revealed, had to be replaced by simple and easy language due to the attenuation of visual perception, so the viewing effect was diluted. The great sculptor Rodin warned people in his ” will “: “The so-called master is such a person: they use their own eyes to see what others have seen and can find beauty in what others are familiar with.” [3] As a director, why not dig out the beauty hidden behind ordinary things on the screen or the screen, and present it to the audience?
Of course, TV dramas do not exclude language, and we do not advocate that all movies and TV dramas be made into silent films or pantomimes, otherwise, they will go from one extreme to the other. Language should also be regarded as an important means of expression in TV dramas, words are the voice of the heart, and language is a tool to convey thoughts and communicate emotions. However, the focus of TV should be placed on the “visual” element, because the screen needs to reflect its aesthetic characteristics with a visual image, which is an important difference from radio, which is based on listening.
Due to the attenuation of visual perception of some TV drama creators and the excessive reliance on the function of language, the expressiveness of picture modeling is affected. Rudolf Arnheim, in his book “Art and Visual Perception”, once Signals that human vision is declining. He said: “We have overlooked the gift of understanding things through the experience of our senses. Our concepts are detached from perception, our minds are only moving in the abstract world.
Our eyes are degenerating into a pure instrument of measurement and discrimination. As a result, the number of ideas that can be expressed in images is greatly reduced, and the ability to find meaning in the appearance of things we see is lost so that we are dulled in the face of things whose meaning can be discerned at a glance, but had to resort to another medium with which we are more familiar—language”.
And some of our screenwriters rely on literary writing experience to create scripts, so the visual materials that can be provided in the play appear to be relatively short. The requirements of American Hollywood producers for the script are a visual script. This is the most important thing for writers.
The great writer Ernest Hemingway once said: “If you go to Hollywood, they want you to look at things in the frame when you write, and when you should think of people, you only think of pictures. If you only want people, and Regardless of the picture, what is written may not be the story of the movie.” I think that there is not much difference between writing a TV series and writing a movie script in the emphasis on visuals.
The famous American director Griffith said that his way of telling stories is: “The goal I am trying to achieve is to let you see it first .” If the director’s purpose is to let the audience see it, but the screenwriter’s script relies only on language and lacks visual images, no matter how capable the director is, there is nothing he can do.
As a TV director, I believe that visual materials should be cherished and should be worthy of the name for the audience to see; in particular, the director should work hard to find a material shell with aesthetic value for the content, so that the audience can see on the screen a visual application A colorful world created by materials, not by words.
Television and Radio Advertising 2 easy Difference; Photo by CardMapr.nl on Unsplash.
Network technology is the product of the combination of Internet TV and traditional TV. It integrates the communication forms of the two major media, integrating digitization and networking.
What differences between Internet TV and traditional TV?
Differences in Communication Environment: From ” Family ” to “Individual”
The physical location where TV has appeared the most since its inception is the living room of every family. Even with the continuous upgrading of TV product technology and the changing home environment, TV has always provided information and entertainment functions for “family members”. By providing uninterrupted video programs, TV creates a virtual video world for family audiences. At the same time, it interacts with audiences in the process of communication. It has become an important content of family leisure culture and an important medium for family cultural life. For the “first media” and “the king of media”.
The characteristics, content, and effect of TV itself are also affected and restricted by the unique environment of the family. The family’s receptive space attribute has had a huge impact on the production of TV culture, and TV programs are produced in the face of families. Families are the recipient units of TV programs. When TV programs are spread in the family – ” social cells”, the choice of program content will be affected by various family members’ age, gender, knowledge composition, hobbies, family status, rights, responsibilities and control rights, etc. The influence of different factors.
Television has become a medium within the family here, and to adapt to this communication environment, the production, arrangement, and broadcast of TV programs are also affected and restricted by this. In terms of time, the programming of the program should fully consider the life and working time rules of family members. In terms of content, to meet the common preferences of children, youth, middle-aged and elderly in a family, the content of TV programs can only be carried out on a safe scale suitable for all ages, and the content should also try to meet the needs of most family groups.
Aesthetic preferences, the greatest common divisor of family members are selected, thus affecting the communication content and artistic characteristics of TV programs. For example, family ethics dramas have become the most far-reaching Internet TV and traditional TV program type in China, and family reality shows are also extremely popular. When TV program terminals are transformed from traditional TV sets to network platforms with computers and mobile phones as the main display terminals, it is also a process of breaking the limitation of space and going directly to the audience. The viewing of network TV has become increasingly private, all-weather, all-weather. , transmedia behavior.
What has changed is not only the communication environment, that is, the physical communication space, but also the content of communication, the mode of communication, and the viewing behavior. From the perspective of changes in the communication environment, the viewing of TV programs has moved from the living room to the bedroom or study, and from the “public” living room space to the “private” personal bedroom space. The viewing crowd has also shrunk from the community of family members to the viewing behavior of individuals, and the dissemination context of Internet TV and traditional TV programs has undergone a fundamental change.
Because individual audiences in private spaces are temporarily isolated from the family group environment, their viewing behaviors have also changed. In extremely private cyberspace, audiences have complete viewing options and can independently choose their favorite TV programs. Instead of worrying about other people’s interests and hobbies, you can choose more niche types of TV programs according to your preferences. Compared with TV programs, online TV programs have stronger privacy. Mainstream TV programs are no longer the mainstream on online TV platforms, and those unpopular and niche online long-tail TV content have more distribution channels.
Different from the long-term entertainment experience consumption when watching Internet TV and traditional TV, people often show a kind of fast-food click consumption, so this also requires the use of various means for Internet TV content to Grab the user’s eye in the shortest possible time. In the past, in the era of single communication channels, viewers do not have many choices and channels to watch TV programs, so they will be more willing to receive information from the media and adopt a more “negotiated” position.
In the Internet age, users can choose to watch TV programs in a completely independent and free environment, so their position is more and more inclined to a “confrontational” interpretation. The quality will also be more critical and demanding, which is helpful for the upgrading and development of network TV programs. The transformation of Internet TV from family to individual is the result of the important gene of Internet media—the private media gene.
Internet private media gene means that the main body of Internet users is an individual, which leads to strong privacy of their culture. Internet instant messaging, e-mail, electronic tweets, forums, Weibo, and WeChat are all based on personal use, and their dissemination content is naturally a personal expression in society. powerful. Because of the implantation of private media genes, the content of Internet TV will also tend to be more private in terms of thematic performance, character image, plot arrangement, and artistic style.
The difference in propagation path: from “stream” to “library”
Traditional TV broadcasts to TV viewers in a one-way linear way, and viewers are all bound by this communication mode in terms of viewing autonomy and time. This asymmetry in dissemination and reception and the relatively closed process of program production and release make viewers have to passively watch programs according to the broadcast schedule set by the TV station. It is very inconvenient to give feedback on TV programs, not to mention endure all kinds of advertisements that come in at any time.
Compared with traditional TV, the biggest difference between Internet TV and traditional TV is that traditional TV is a one-way media. Although in recent years, traditional TV stations have made improvements in broadcasting technology and means, from the perspective of ordinary domestic households, a TV can simultaneously Watch more than 500 channels, TV programs are constantly trying to increase interaction with audiences through text messages, Weibo messages, etc. However, this still cannot change the one-dimensional nature of the process of TV information dissemination. The mode of playing programs completely by the timeline sequence has never been able to allow viewers to choose their favorite TV programs anytime, anywhere, and at will.
In the Internet age, the emergence of the Internet, a huge storage link, has expanded the one-way audio and video “streaming” provided by traditional TV programs into an infinite number of circulation channels. The program “library” is growing infinitely all the time, this huge film and television resource library can conduct one-to-one information on-demand with users, and can also be one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many, covering various forms. In the dissemination mode, users can watch the program resources from the network TV program content library anytime, anywhere, and at will.
Such an infinitely increasing cloud TV program resource library can be said to truly realize the user’s “on-demand request”. The audience only needs to click the mouse and slide their fingers to select various TV programs independently and is no longer affected by the TV channel. And the linear limitation of the broadcast schedule completely changed the previous point-to-point transmission mode and upgraded it to a point-to-point library. On the Internet TV platform, the audience only needs to enter the program name or enter the network group to search for countless rich program resources, relying on an advanced network technology to achieve fast search and fast online playback.
The difference in propagation mode: from “push” to “pull”
TV program resources are like a full drawer. The one-way communication method of traditional TV media can be regarded as it’s unilateral “pushing” of content, that is, a certain amount of TV programs processed and processed by TV media are “pushed” to The audience, in this communication process, mainly reflects the will of the TV media. When the audience turns on the TV, they can only receive passive program content. This service mode is suitable for TV audiences of lower ages and levels. It is more humane, they can watch all kinds of TV programs with “zero” operation when receiving information.
In the Internet era, Internet TV has completely transferred the initiative to the hands of the audience. The audience no longer passively receives fixed program schedules from TV stations, but turns “push” into “pull”. “Pull” refers to an audience’s initiative, while “push” is a seller- a traditional media initiative. Internet users only need to take some necessary simple operations to actively search, select, and “pull” the program content they need and love from the network program resource library. The interaction has played a huge role in this process. It can even realize the anti-push of users and share and publish their information or program resources.
However, it should also be noted that in the process of “pulling”, first of all, there are certain requirements for the user’s network technology level. In addition, this process will also consume a lot of time and energy of the audience, thus reducing the acquisition of TV efficiency of the program. On the psychological level: people always want to be able to choose autonomously rather than passively accept. The transformation of this communication mode from “push” to “pull” has innovative significance and completely changed the viewing behavior of TV users.
Through Internet TV, ordinary TV viewers not only no longer have to wait in front of the TV for their favorite programs to be broadcast, or search through various channels and still can’t find their favorite TV programs, and become the TV program broadcast list on this timeline. slave. Internet TV enables viewers to break free from this linear shackle and search and select independently on the PC or mobile client.
It can be seen in this transformation that the main body is no longer the powerful TV media that used to be high in the past, but every ordinary user of Internet TV. They can freely access massive TV programs on the Internet platform anytime and anywhere according to their interests. Select the TV programs you need from the library, filter out the programs you don’t like, and efficiently find the program content you are interested in from the massive network video resource library.
The difference in target audience: from “fuzzy” to “clear”
The rapid development of the Internet TV market has made the competition in this field more and more fierce. How to stand out among many platforms, attract more loyal users, and thus gain the favor of advertisers, directly determines the survival and development of a media, and the precise positioning of the target audience has become an important measure for a media to base itself on its advantages and develop differentiated development. The “use and satisfaction” theory proposed by the American scholar Denis McQuail in the 1940s, as one of the important components of the audience theory in communication, has important implications for interpreting the subjectivity of the audience in the communication process. important value.
This theory emphasizes that communicators should fully consider the existence of audience factors when transmitting the information. From their perspective, it analyzes the psychological motives, viewing needs, behavior patterns, and interpretation standpoints of audiences when they contact the media in the past. Mass communication brings psychological and behavioral utility to people. At a time when the number of media has surged, if any media wants to be favored by more audiences, it must clarify its audience market positioning, to produce and disseminate information in a targeted manner. requirements.
Traditional TV media mainly understand TV audiences at the other end of the signal line through TV rating surveys, fixed sample extraction, program surveys, Internet TV and traditional TV program satisfaction surveys, and interactions on Weibo platforms. Constrained by the mode of communication, the audience is always a relatively vague existence for traditional TV media. The vast majority of TV media and programs in the station have a high degree of similarity and overlap in terms of user market positioning and brand positioning. Due to their differences in educational background, age level, interests, and hobbies, TV audiences are constantly developing in a diversified direction, and a single program can no longer satisfy the segmented audience market.
Compared with the weak response of traditional TV in meeting these needs, Internet TV can satisfy the diversified viewing needs of audiences in the new era to the greatest extent. It not only allows audiences to choose programs according to their own needs, but also to The user collects and analyzes various behavioral data on the platform, separates the audience from the ambiguous group, and becomes a target user with distinct personalities and different characteristics, and takes the initiative to provide personalized Internet TV services.
In addition, through the dissemination of social media and communication tools, the Internet TV platform can allow the huge audience groups in the past to gather together independently according to different needs, become the audience groups for the owner’s various precise needs, and further clarify the audience image. It can be seen from this that, compared with the vague audience groups faced by traditional TV media, Internet TV is faced with individual audiences with clear characteristics.
Tailor-made program resources and proactively push program products that better meet their needs are the huge advantages of online TV programs over traditional TV media programs in terms of audience positioning. After the network TV program has locked the target group, it will be effectively distributed to the audience. When providing users with personalized Internet TV and traditional TV program resources, the user’s loyalty and viscosity will continue to increase, thus gradually forming a relatively stable target user group, to make their network TV platform form a much higher advantage than traditional TV media.
4 differences between Internet TV and traditional TV; Photo by Jonas Leupe on Unsplash.
Relationship between Financial Management and Management Accounting; With the transformation of the modern economic situation, the new concept believes that financial management and management accounting can be gradually integrated and developed, so the overlap and repetition of financial management and management accounting have become an unchangeable fact. Know about Thinking of Accounting Firms for Small Business.
Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about the Relationship between Financial Management and Management Accounting!
This article starts from the similarities and differences between financial management and management accounting, analyzes and compares the two, reflects the mutual learning and absorption between the two, and promotes their respective development together. Secondly, comprehensively analyze the focus and key objects of their work, to define the content of the two.
In the accounting profession, management accounting and financial management are of equal importance, both have deep historical origins, both originated in the 1920s, and have a lot in common in content, both have their own It has its specific research and service objects and development directions. This paper aims to demonstrate the important role of management accounting in the modern economy through comparative analysis and research into management accounting and financial management.
3-1 The similarities between financial management and management accounting;
In the reference book designated by the national certified public accountants, the financial department proposes that financial management is “a part of enterprise management, and is the management work related to the acquisition and effective use of funds”.
This definition highlights that financial management is the management of how funds are obtained and used effectively. After the introduction of western management accounting, some domestic experts believe that management accounting is an emerging discipline, which is generated to meet the needs of enterprise internal management forecasting, decision-making, control, and assessment.
Strengthen enterprise management and improve economic efficiency. It is not only a means to realize the modernization of enterprise management, but also an important content of enterprise modernization management. It can be seen from the above definitions that financial management and management accounting have the same management attributes, and their basic functions are to serve the management of enterprises and meet the needs of enterprise operation and development.
In addition to this fundamental commonality, financial management and management accounting have the following similarities: from the perspective of method system, management theory, and management process, both are carried out in the order of planning, decision-making, execution, and control; two The source of the information analyzed by the readers is the financial and accounting data of the enterprise; the data and report texts and other text carriers generated in the management of the two have no legal effect, and almost no legal responsibility is assumed externally; the two are mainly based on the enterprise’s Operational reality, to take certain measures to actively promote the development of enterprises.
3-2 The difference between financial management and management accounting;
Financial management and management accounting has developed today, and the differences between the two are particularly obvious. The most fundamental difference between the two is that the main content of financial management is to manage funds, and the focus is on how to obtain more funds at a lower cost and how to use funds more efficiently.
Financial management is an important link between the external environment and enterprises and is closely related to the operation of financial markets. Management accounting is about the operation and management information system of an enterprise. It is necessary to consider not only how to use funds efficiently, but also how to best allocate the materialized funds in operation and management activities.
Management accounting also realizes the management of talents through performance evaluation, responsibility accounting, and control accounting, and efficiently allocates talents, resources and positions through effective arrangements, thereby improving the operation and management efficiency of enterprises. The concept of time value in financial management introduces the relevant content about cost and profit in economics, which affects the management and economic benefits of enterprise operation.
And management accounting has continuously absorbed many theories and methods in its development process. These theories and methods can also be digested and absorbed by financial management. In addition, the incentive theory and entrustment theory absorbed by management accounting has a great inspirational effect on financial management activities and performance evaluation in economic practice and are worth learning from.
3-3 Solutions to the intersection of financial management and management accounting;
The general principle in the process of dealing with this problem is: first of all, the repetition rate of the teaching content between the two courses should be minimized, the learning efficiency and interest of students should be improved, and various knowledge points should be coherent according to the requirements of practice, to establish a complete body of knowledge. Therefore, the author thinks that the content of traditional management accounting should be integrated with financial management courses, or directly merged into a financial management course.
From the current development trend, emerging management accounting has gradually become an independent discipline. At the same time, traditional management accounting and financial management are the same in terms of research purposes, objects, characteristics, and reflected content, which is also the basis for the integration of the two.
Combining these two courses into one course has many advantages:
It is beneficial to reflect the theoretical relationship between the two as a whole, to form a complete theoretical system;
In the arrangement of practical training courses, the relevant After the content is integrated, the training can make the students better grasp the content and essence of enterprise fund management, make it more realistic, and improve the training efficiency and interest of the students.
Conclusion;
For an enterprise, both financial management and management accounting are the needs of internal management. It can effectively manage the entire process of the enterprise’s production and operation activities, improve the efficiency of the use of funds, and maximize the economic benefits of the enterprise. Although the relationship between financial management and management accounting is still at the stage of the debate, the differences between them can still be distinguished from different perspectives. Although they have different divisions of labor, they are of great significance to the long-term development of enterprises.
Relationship between Financial Management and Management Accounting; Photo by Beatriz Pérez Moya on Unsplash.
Crime Prevention and Community Safety Distinctions and Differences; Crime prevention is defined as any action or technique used by individuals or public authorities to reduce the damage caused by acts described to criminals in a state. Crime prevention aims to reduce crime through strategies such as closing doors, hiding money, and rebuilding buildings to ensure they do not break down. Community security is defined as an alliance of social organizations, such as local authorities and community-related social services, such as victims and at-risk groups, as well as efforts to reduce specific crime classes.
Here are the articles to answer, What are the Differences between Crime Prevention and Community Safety?
Community security is similar to crime prevention in that it aims to reduce criminal behavior, but community security focuses on smaller, high-crime communities. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, supported by the Crime and Disorder Act (1998), have a collective responsibility between local authorities and the police to work with probation services to implement a strategy to reduce crime and unrest in this area. It is therefore proposed that they work together to devise crime prevention and community safety strategies, such as the Neighborhood Watch (1980), which will result in a secure community. This essay aims to discuss the veracity of this statement through research and evaluation.
There are various types of crime prevention strategies that have been identified as a combination in the 1980s, including situational and social crime prevention. Situational crime prevention refers to changing situational characteristics to make offending more difficult and it easier to detect the offender. It is associated with primary crime prevention as this refers to strategies on a more general level that involves socialization in families and the community to prevent crime. Also read, What are the Differences between Positivism and Classicism Sociology?
Differences Part 01;
These strategies aim to focus on the offense and not the offender, for example, the input of CCTV on buildings to deter offenders from committing crimes as they are aware they are being watched. In contemporary society, the public is constantly under surveillance on the streets of Britain. However, despite there being an excessive amount of CCTV used, there is much debate as to whether crime prevention strategies such as this are successful.
For example, research into the Kirkholt project in Rochdale showed a range of interventions to prevent burglaries such as the installation of window locks and strengthened doors resulting in repeat victimization reduced by 80% within seven months and further success was shown by burglaries falling by a quarter in three years. However, it can be argued that despite these strategies being implicated, geographical displacement can occur. For example, in Germany steering locks were introduced to all cars to stop car theft and rates fell drastically, however, when this was introduced in Britain it just resulted in the theft being displaced to cars that did not have a steering lock.
Differences Part 02;
Therefore this supports the suggestion that crime prevention strategies are not always effective as offenders will find means to commit a crime if they see it possible. However, further research into the installations of improved street lighting in Dudley, showed that crime declined on the estate it was installed on and one nearby that did not have any lighting. This exemplifies the idea that the implications of crime prevention strategies are successful in deterring offenders from committing crimes in and around the area they have been targeting.
Social crime prevention embodies predisposition assumptions about what causes an individual to commit a crime. This refers to looking at the social factors that are associated with a crime such as poor living conditions, relative deprivation, and low income. Secondary crime prevention is associated with this as it identifies at-risk people due to these factors. This view of crime is said to be what creates offenders in the first place rather than the physical environment and therefore social programs need to be enforced to change offender attitude toward the law.
Differences Part 03;
Developmental crime prevention is an important form of social crime prevention as it aims to identify the factors that put young people at the core of crime and try to diffuse these issues. Cognitive-behavioral interventions have been introduced in the UK to encourage young offenders to think of the consequences of their actions. Research has shown that these interventions have been successful in decreasing reconviction rates, however, many offenders did not complete the program.
This supports the suggestion that it is down to individual choice and perception as to whether they commit a crime or not and so focusing on the individual is vital in social crime prevention. Community crime prevention is also an important form of social crime prevention that involves individuals and institutions in a neighborhood mobilizing resources. Several community schemes in the UK have been successful in preventing crime. Research into the mentoring plus program found that there were significant reductions in offending behavior. Again, this reinforces the idea that establishing these strategies does positively influence crime rates.
Differences Part 04;
There are several issues raised with crime prevention strategies, one of which is the fact that situational crime prevention assumes that the solutions and causes of crime are by the community itself and it does not consider social and individual factors that contribute to becoming an offender, such as deprivation and a dysfunctional upbringing. Furthermore, it does not look into a broad range of crime, it only looks at the crime committed in the community and could look into a white-collar crime committed in middle-class areas and workplace crime that often goes undetected, as evident here.
Community safety moves forward from crime prevention strategies to the involvement of social agencies that seek participation from all sections of the community. The Morgan Report (1990) suggested that ‘crime prevention’ should be replaced with the term ‘community safety’ as crime prevention is narrowly interpreted and with the replacement of this community safety, a broader view is created encouraging participation from all areas of the community. This means that specific agencies are not relied on solely, such as the police. In 1997 the Labour Party emphasized this idea and put it into place with the multi-agency working.
Differences Part 05;
Several agencies collaborated such as the education system, local authorities, and social services to ensure the community was a safer place. Crawford (1998) stated that this turn towards community safety created a new hope of a more secure environment to live in. In 1997, research conducted by The Scottish Office into community safety schemes to prevent traffic accidents found that in the areas speed had been dramatically reduced by traffic calming, and the safety of cyclists, children, and pedestrians increased. This suggests that community safety programs are successful, introducing speed calming tactics reduces the risk of accidents preventing harm to people.
However, there are many issues raised with community safety, for example, the problem of putting in place community-based solutions in deprived areas remains. To do this, funding is required and therefore middle-class areas are more likely to have them due to being of better wealth. Although it is working-class areas where the most crime is committed, solutions are being implemented in the wrong place, thus not being successful in reducing crime where it is needed. This creates a dysfunctional community safety network within working-class areas and therefore crime becomes rife with offenders believing there is no form of control to prevent or try and deter them from committing a crime.
Short Essay;
Crime Prevention and Community Safety as areas of scientific interest and practical progress have spread in recent years into a sub-discipline of self-efficacy. It includes his theories, intellectual perspectives, political debates, and moral entrepreneurs, as well as numerous procedures and student texts, “manuals”, magazines, practical toolkits, guides, and resources. The purpose of this chapter is not to give an overview of this rich carpet, nor to present a specific compendium of “what will work in crime prevention practice, but rather to understand the nature and evolution and changes in shaping time and thinking about the path of distant and possible future directions.
The post outlines how it focuses on developments in the United Kingdom and, where appropriate, is set in a broader international context. We will begin by tracing the historical origins of the modern “preventive turnaround” and its institutionalization. The following sections follow the important development of crime prevention policies and procedures from the 1980s to the present. Our consideration of each content topic suggests three broad phases that organize the path to be achieved.
The first period, the 1980s and 1990s, marked a time when restrictions became national and care focused on social and political considerations, bringing many changes and developments. The second period from the mid-1990s to the end of the 21st century is the point at which prevention was included as an important management strategy. During these first two phases, crime prevention parameters were opened up to address community security, anti-social behavior, and perceptions of insecurity, through inter-organizational partnerships.
We continue to say that crime prevention has entered a third phase, represented by a decade of austerity measures, in which the escalation of social problems and the ideological departure from the public supply of services require a further change in political direction. He sees a degree of restraint, reorientation, redrawing of borders, and framing of relations between agencies. Because we are involved right now, our concluding remarks may be more cautious, but they show the direction that we think practice and policy can take in the future and the important role that crime prevention policy has played so far. certain transfer.
In doing so, we examined the extent to which the “shift in prevention” met previous expectations and we monitored the progress made in specific areas of crime prevention in a given situation; community security; social/progressive crime prevention; and a partnership approach. For each of us, we looked at the path and the problems they had caused. Finally, we present some considerations about emerging fault lines and possible future directions.
In conclusion;
It is evident through the research discussed in this essay that crime prevention strategies and community safety collectively work together and without one, the other would not suffice. For example, without the input of crime prevention strategies such as secure locks on doors, it would be easy for a burglary to take place, resulting in an unsafe community. Furthermore, through the research discussed, crime prevention strategies enforced to create a safe community have been proven successful to an extent.
They both contribute massively to reducing crime rates however, the success of strategies implemented and schemes created are dependent on factors such as geographical location, the social class of the area, and also individual differences that are existent. For example, crime prevention strategies will not prevent an offender from committing a crime if they have a strong psychological motivation to commit the crime they will, despite the chance of being caught. Despite this, they both continue to consistently tackle crime which will aim to create a secure and stable community, resulting in people lacking fear of being a victim of crime.
What are the Differences between Crime Prevention and Community Safety? Image by Katie White from Pixabay.
Learning the differences between Positivism and Classicism. This essay will consist of me comparing two terms used to accustom crime: Classicist and Positivist. Looking at the association along with the two terms and how they can oppose one atypical. Theories, arguments, and history of Positivism and Classicism will be the main focus. I will be challenging theories and including what I’ve scholarly in my current module to intensify my reduction, looking put going on to the subject of the lectures I’ve taken. To compare classicism and positivism I will be looking at biological, and psychological positivism aspects comparing it to what I know is not quite classicism.
Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about the differences between positivism and classicism!
What are the differences between positivism and classicism? Classicism usually refers to the lead happening to the late 18th century, first introduced by recognized Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria and the famous British theorist Jeremy Bentham. When talking roughly classicism, these are the two names that will usually be spoken very more or less to manage to pay for a determined accord of classicism. Classicism is the defense for checking accounts and admission to crime, this touches upon one neighboring to will and critical calculating.
Cesare Beccaria wrote a book “on Crimes and punishment”(1764). Cesare Beccaria goes into depth about the origin of punishment, the right to punish, and the proportion between crimes and punishment. What are the Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods? Cesare Beccaria demonstrates that punishment must be proportionate to the crime committed. “It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them.” Cesare Beccaria published his book anonymously for fear of being executed which shows how severe the punishments were for crimes or even those who challenged the law.
It shows the idea of punishment and how it was used to induce fear into people to prevent criminal behavior, which sheds light on public executions and brutal torture. Crime engages in breaking the social contract which involves murder, thefts, etc. “Rule of the law”. Jeremy Bentham then intensifies Beccaria’s point by introducing utilitarian philosophy in his book(introduction to principles of morals and legalization,1780)in his book there’s a quote “utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good or happiness” (1780).
Jeremy Bentham added to Beccaria’s studies that punishment should be deterrent. From my understanding, Jeremy Bentham is touching on how human behavior maximizes pleasure whilst trying to avoid the disadvantages that come with it. Bentham also includes in his studies free will and hedonistic calculus. The enlightenment from Beccaria and Bentham is: that the punishment is proportional, and to be carried out promptly. In addition to fitting the crime.
Positivism is the opposite of classicism and includes science, positivism gives a philosophical body constructing human knowledge on the scientific interpretation of observational data. Positivism refers back to the late 19th century, the figurehead of biological positivism is a popular physician and anthropologist Italian Cesare Lombroso introduced atavism into his theory stating that “criminals are born, not made” and that one’s appearance and head size could determine their criminal behavior.
Cesare Lombroso was inspired by Charles Darwin’s theory and phenology fuelling his idea for studies in biological positivism leading idea of an atavism criminal. Psychological positivism is an offense due to a criminal mind. Sigmund Freud the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud contributed to psychological positivism, he believed that humans are born with ID. In Sigmund Freud’s book “The Ego and the ID”(1923) In Freud’s book, he talks about the ego, superego, and ID.
He goes into depth about criminal behavior categorizing it into three sections. Deviant superego, harsh superego, weak superego. In his book, he talks thoroughly about these three expressions “Deviant Superego- Superego well developed, but according to deviant social norms and moral understanding, Harsh superego psychosexual development disrupted – influences of parents: unconsciousness, repressed fantasies.” Weak superego- guilt and morality.
How do both Positivism and Classicism oppose each other? Positivism and Classicism explain criminal behaviors and their causes of it. Positivism’s explanation of crime that is predetermined is the complete opposite of classicism. Positivism and Classicism do share some similarities however they conflict with one another. It seems that classicism is a more traditional approach whilst positivism is more of modernity explanation, introducing science and statistics into its findings.
When science is involved, it can complicate research, especially in Cesare Lombroso’s case. In Lombroso, there are a few discrepancies within his theories. In his book “The criminal man” he goes in-depth about his findings. Lombroso believed that criminals could be determined by physical defects this links to anatomical atavisms. The head size and facial features of one could determine their criminal behavior.
“Lombroso’s hypothesis of the “delinquents nato” “the born criminal” affirms that all true criminals have several casually connected characteristics: physical characteristics that can be shown anthropologically, and psychic characteristics that can be shown psycho-physiologically which mark them as an individual type of mankind” I don’t believe that criminals could be spotted by their genetic makeup, however, there’s a lot of cases I’ve read about a few cases involving criminals committing gruesome crimes, the suspect tend to have an incredibly high IQ.
Serial killers Rodney Alcala, Edmund Kemper, etc. This could easily link to Sigmund Freud’s theory about the criminal mind, however, Edmund Kemper did have physical defects but he is probably one of the very few criminals with physical defects. Lombroso’s contribution to biological positivism makes it very difficult to understand the explanation of positivism. Enrico Ferri who studied at the Italian school of criminology also added that a person’s environment could contribute to their criminal behavior.
“it is not the criminal who wills: to be a criminal the individual must find himself permanently or transitorily in such personal, physical, and moral conditions, and live in such an environment, which become for him a chain of cause and effect, eternally and internally, that disposes him toward crime” (1917) This creates a bridge to classicism to what Jeremy Bentham wrote about in his book “Utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good or happiness”.
Thus in Enrico Ferri’s statement, those people in personal, physical, or moral conditions could be more likely to go into a life of crime to produce more benefits. The cause of crime would most likely be motivation, in this case, an individual could be adjusted to commit a crime. Biological positivism is based on scientific research and as we have access to more complex technology, and inquisitive approaches this is what makes positivism more modern. Psychological positivism strengthens the idea of positivism: as you are looking at it from a scientific way, but also in the psychological aspect which is the study of a person’s mind. Enrico Ferri’s quote also includes a sociological factor.
Giving positivism three strong arteries: psychology, sociology, and biology. Classicism goes into depth about the repercussions of crime and how crime could be minimized. I did a reading where it gives a thorough explanation of classicism and the work of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria. From the reading ”first to escape war and chaos, individuals gave up some of their liberty and established a contractual society.
This established the sovereignty of nations and the ability of the nation to create criminal laws and punish offenders, second, because criminal laws placed restrictions on individuals’ freedoms, they should be restricted in scope. They should not be employed to enforce moral virtue. To prohibit human behavior unnecessarily was to increase rather than to decrease crime.” I’ve just taken a small section from Beccaria’s book where he talks about free will and how punishment could deter people from crime.
How one’s liberalism was given up, prohibiting human behavior could increase criminal behavior. However classicism is an age theory, Positivism and Classicism are identical in trying to explain the causes of crime but the two differ due to classicism being more of an assumption, a solution even. Even though it was accepted by the government at the time there were still many critics like Cesare Lombroso looking into the biological perspective of crime.
In his book “The criminal man” he challenges Beccaria and Bentham’s view on free will and rationality. Cesare Lombroso stated that criminality was inherited and could be shown through physical defects. Crime, criminals, and even the law change over time depending on which country you live in. The law will not always be applied with fairness unfortunately which could have an impact on the punishment given. In Enrico Ferri’s statement where he talks about moral conditions. An example: The trolley Dilemma (linked below).
How does that define that individual rationality? When looking at this example it’s hard to give a clear definition of rationality, it’s challenging to look at it from a classicist perspective when there’s no choice. To conclude Positivism and Classicism have such a huge impact on crime, criminal justice, and criminology. Both theories do explain crime, human behavior, and its causes. Positivism is a modernized approach to explaining crime, and to punishment as well.
Although I agree with the quote “Punishment should fit the crime” I don’t agree with certain punishments executed. Classicism is a traditional way to explain crime but it was a solution to approach crime and punishment then. The theories do have a difference due to timeline but there is a lot of similarities that both classicist and positivist share. Whilst classicism started as a solution it made a big difference to crime and its punishments. Positivism was developed with science but also contributes to the way we view crime and criminals.
What are the differences between positivism and classicism? Image by Juraj Lenhard from Pixabay.
What are the Similarities and Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay? Believing in gods and worshipping them have been prevailing in societies back era immemorial. These beliefs and worshipping rituals and methods modify from place to place. People engage in several dynamic trials, prayers, and even sacrifices to satisfy gods.
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From ancient times different societies have worshiped gods, believing in their power and being afraid of their fury. People have prayed and made sacrifices to achieve the gods’ mercy and generosity. What are the Similarities and Differences Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay? They believed that, if the goods are in good mood, they will provide people with good weather conditions for growing crops. Moreover, people needed explanations for different natural phenomena, such as rain, drought, lightning, thunder, and earthquake.
So, ancient people believed that these natural phenomena are caused by the gods. A good example of such societies could be ancient Greeks and Romans. Ancient Greeks and Romans existed in the middle ages. This essay will describe the main gods and goddesses of ancient Greek and Roman societies. It will also look at the main similarities and differences between the gods and goddesses of these societies.
What are Greek Gods?
A buildup of myths revealed by the ancient Greeks is embodied in Greek mythology. These tales unite considering the heritage of Greek culture, birds, activities of gods, and pleasing people, and their contributions, traditions, and rituals. Initially, the myths were propagated in an oral poetic circulate in the 18th century BC by Minoan and Mycenaean singers. The Iliad, Homer’s epic poems, and the Odyssey are the contents of the oral tradition.
There are moreover some myths securely kept in parts of epic poems of the Epic Cycle, Homeric Hymns, lyrical poems, etc. The images of the deities were considered in many fields and purposes by the Greeks. Coins were printed as soon as divine images, and drinking cups and substitute pots had Greek myths carved on the subject of them. The temple was a flaming for the gods and goddesses.
Some of the major deities listed in Greek mythology adjoin Aphrodite; the goddess of beauty and throbbing, Apollo; the god of music and arts, Ares; the god of courage, Athena; the goddess of pleasurable judgment, and the list goes going around for the. The Greeks have extreme beliefs linked gone their deities. They are quite dependent on them. In Homers Iliad, there are some parts that sort of explored the daily cartoon of the Greek gods, what they were made of, and how they led energy in the human world. It furthermore reveals the human’s intimates bearing in mind the gods and how those are cherished.
What are Roman Gods?
Roman mythology is the organ of cultural and informative tales by the ancient Romans. The religious system of Rome dealt mainly as soon with the literature and arts of the Romans. The Roman myths have some elements that are supernatural yet they are often treated as historical. Greek religion had an in the future moved upon Roman myths. The Roman authors, in a habit, reinterpreted the stories just nearly Greek gods by just changing their names and naming them after planets.
Moreover, the Roman religion has a relationship when the Etruscan religion too. For the Romans, expertly-liked traditions and rituals were the primary business, unlike the Greeks. Their books and commentaries comprised religious cultures, rules, traditions, prayers, and worship events. The gods were a strong fable of knack and represented the need for daily energy. The Roman gods are the same as their Greek counterparts just have sure names.
Some of the main deities in Roman mythology be touching Venus; the goddess of exaltation, Mars; the god of the skirmish, Neptune; the god of the sea, and hence upon. The gods are the epitome of military facility and courage and for that excuse, are dressed in military clothes as a sign of it. On a fascinating note, the Roman gods were revealed and listed through the real-moving picture observations made by the Romans. Also, their rituals and events, of them were based upon the learnings of the world.
Investigation;
To begin with, there are a lot of similarities between Greek and Roman gods, because roman religion was based on Greek religion. Greek mythology was founded about a millennium before the Roman. Romans founded their religion based on the Greek religion. So, Greek and Roman religions are similar, because both of them are polytheistic religions. ‘Polytheism is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. There were more than thirty gods in each of these cultures.
Furthermore, Greeks and Romans had almost the same gods, despite differences in their names. As an example, both cultures had the god of the sea, the goddess of love, the god of war, the god of wine, and the goddess of wisdom. Importantly, there was a chief god, who was the king of all gods, in both Greek and Roman societies. In Greek mythology, the king of gods is known as Zeus, whereas Romans call the king of gods Jupiter. There is also a queen of gods in Greek and Roman mythologies. Greeks call the queen Hera, whereas Romans’ queen of gods is Juno.
Finally, both ancient societies have twelve main gods and goddesses. In Greek mythology, they are known as the Twelve Olympians. They are Zeus, Poseidon, Aid, Ares, Apollo, Hermes, Hephaestus, Hera, Athena, Aphrodite, Artemis, and Dionysus. Greeks call these twelve main gods and goddesses as follows: Jupiter, Neptune, Pluton, Mars, Feb, Mercury, Volcano, Juno, Minerva, Venus, Diana, and Bacchus. They are the same gods and goddesses with the same powers, but with different names.
Even though the Roman religion is based on the Greek religion, there are several differences between the gods of these societies. Romans have not just adopted their religion from the Greeks. They have also changed their religion according to their culture. So, if you read about Rome and Greek gods and goddesses, you will see differences in their names. Romans gave their gods names that are different from the names of Greek gods. Thus, there are only a few Greek and Roman gods and goddesses that have similar names.
Usually, Roman gods and goddesses have names of planets of the solar system, such as Jupiter, Mercury, Neptune, and Mars. In contrast, Greek gods and goddesses have their names, such as Zeus, Hermes, Ares, and Hera. For example, the goddess of love is Venus in Roman mythology and Aphrodite in Greek mythology. Romans call the god of war Mars, while Greeks called it Ares. The god of the sea is called Neptune in Roman mythology and Poseidon in Greek mythology.
Furthermore, if you read about Roman and Greek gods, you will notice differences in the characters of gods and goddesses. Gods and goddesses usually have characters similar to people that believe and pray to them, because people think up their gods themselves. Ancient Greeks were polite and creative. ‘They held creativity above physical works in the mortal and mythical world’. Greeks were also interested in poetry. In contrast, Romans were more focused on actions rather than on words. They valued bravery and courage. So, Roman gods and goddesses are more military and aggressive, whereas Greek gods and goddesses are more cultural and polite.
Finally, when you look at pictures of Greek and Roman gods or goddesses, you will see differences in their clothes and physical appearance. Ancient Greeks highly valued creativity and beauty. So, Greek gods and goddesses were usually given a beautiful and perfect physical appearance. They were dressed in white and light cloth. By contrast, Romans were more focused on warfare and valued bravery. So, Rome gods and goddesses had military clothes. Romans did not pay much attention to the physical appearance of gods and goddesses.
Main Differences Between Greek Gods and Roman Gods;
Greek gods came into existence earlier than the Roman gods.
Greek gods have human traits, though Roman gods get a pact of not.
Roman gods are the epitome of gift, whereas, Greek gods are the epitome of creativity.
Also, Roman gods are named after planets.
Roman gods have military clothes, while Greek gods have white and fresh clothes.
Conclusion;
In conclusion, by comparing Greek and Roman gods, you can see both similarities and differences between the gods of the two ancient societies. Greek and Roman religions are similar because Roman mythology was founded based on the Greeks. Religions of both ancient societies are polytheistic religions. Moreover, both cultures have almost the same gods with the same powers.
Finally, there are twelve main gods, known as the Twelve Olympians, in both cultures. However, Greek and Roman gods also differ from each other, because Romans have changed their religion according to their own culture. So, Roman and Greek gods had different names. Furthermore, there is a difference in the characters of Greek and Roman Gods. And finally, the Greek and Roman gods had different physical appearances and wore different clothes. Therefore, Greek and Roman gods have similarities as well as some differences.
Similarities and Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay; Image by Congerdesign from Pixabay.
Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay; In this essay, we will examine some relevant similarities and differences between two widely known and practiced religions: Islam and Christianity. Although these two religions have easily identifiable similarities and differences, they are both large players in the religious world today with an impressive number of followers.
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Also, each of these religions had been delivered with basic rules of guidance, although the rules in themselves were different. Islam had, from Mohammad, the Five Pillars, while Christians had been given the Ten Commandments, delivered by Moses. Climate Change Essay for Students; Another aspect of each of these religions that is very similar is that each is a “Book” religion. They each have their book written down by disciples of their respective religions. The Islamic religion has the Koran, and the Christian religion has the Bible.
Because Islam diverged from Christianity’s beliefs, there are also some notable differences between the two. For example, how each religion is expected to pray. Muslims pray alone and in the congregation. When congregational prayer is executed, there are many rules and strict adherence to which they abide. They must pray this way a certain number of times each day and face in a certain cardinal direction. For Christians, the prayer which is done alone is informal and at one’s discretion, as it is for the Islamic religion. However, congregational prayer for Christians is much less rigorous and strict and can be done in several acceptable ways.
Muslims are also expected to take a journey, called a pilgrimage, to their Holy Land whereas, this is not expected of Christians. Another notable difference is how money is given to the church. In earlier days, and some cases modern days, Muslim giving was in the form of a tax that was mandated. Christians give in the form of a tithe and are asked to give ten percent of their income. A very large and widely disputed part of these religions is the interpretation of the Bible. Some events that are disputed include which son Abraham sacrificed, the Virgin Birth and nature of Jesus, and the interpretation of monotheism and the Trinity.
Islam and Christianity are religions based on many similar and different beliefs based on the fact that one was borne of the other. For this reason, we can pick up on several things that ring true in each religion and several things that are completely different between the two of them. Aside from the similarities and differences, each of these religions is still recognized in today’s society even though they are both centuries old.
Similarities and Differences Between Islam vs Christianity;
Even though there are many similarities and differences between Islam and Christianity, both religions are significant in today’s society, which is apparent in the grand number of followers each has amassed. Islam and Christianity are in themselves, complete religions with many followers. Islam was born of Christianity in that a large part of Islam’s basic belief structure is based on that of Christianity and some portions of the Bible. Because of this fact, there are several similarities and a comparative number of differences between Islam and Christianity essay the two religions.
The beginnings of Islam are deeply rooted in Christianity, based on the conviction by the prophet of Islam, Mohammed that Christians had departed from belief in God’s message as revealed in their scriptures. In approximately 610, the first of many revelations came to him and these visions were believed to have been delivered from God by the angel Gabriel. Here we begin to see the similarities between the two religions as Gabriel is also the angel that brings news of Jesus’ birth in Luke 1:26-32, of the Bible.
The message that Mohammed received was that there was only one God, not many gods as the then present-day Arabs believed. This God was the creator of the world. For Christians the message of a single God was given during the inception of the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20:3 of the Bible, “You shall have no other God before me.” The creation of the world by this singular God is documented in Genesis 1:1. “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.” In the Islamic faith, it is believed that this God would judge mankind, which also rings true in Christianity in Hebrews 10:30, “The Lord will judge his people.”
For Muslims, followers of the Islamic faith, their single God (known as Allah) was considered just because he would judge every person according to his deeds. In both religions, the result of this judgment day was either heaven or hell. Other differences between Islam and Christianity essay both were the idea of forgiveness. Islam teaches that God is always ready to pardon the individual and restore him to the sinless state in which he started life. In Christianity, this same basic concept of forgiveness is accepted.
After the death of Mohammed, certain essential principles were singled out from his teachings to serve as anchoring points for the Islamic community. These have come to be called the “five pillars of Islam”. Comparably for Christians, the Ten Commandments are considered daily, divine laws. Also, each of these religions has a “book” that believers follow. For Christians, this is the Bible, which was recorded by prophets and disciples of Jesus including Abraham, Moses, Elijah, and many others.
The Bible is, for the most part, ordered chronologically and Jesus teaches in parables. Likewise, for Muslims, their book is the Koran, which was a collection of the sayings and deeds of Mohammad, who was believed to be inspired to teach these things by Allah. However, because the Koran was assembled from remembrances of those who had learned it by heart, the chronological order is not used. The passages or suras were arranged from longest to shortest. In the beginning, for both religions, these teachings were passed along orally but were later captured via the written word.
These books serve as an additional guide for believers and stress the one idea of one God. Despite the many similarities and differences between the islam and christianity essays exist as well. One of these differences is prayer. Islam recognizes two forms of prayer, one being the personal and more informal form of prayer. The other is a ritual prayer which is often congregational with specific words and postures, to be offered five times a day: sunrise, midday, midafternoon, sunset, and before bed. Before Muslims pray ablutions are performed by washing the hands, feet, and face.
A person called the muezzin calls for prayer and chants from a raised platform or minaret tower at the mosque. This prayer is started with the imam, the prayer leader, standing at the front of the mosque facing Mecca, the holy city of Islam. This is the holy city because it was the death place of Mohammad. Each prayer consists of several units, during which the individual is standing, kneeling, or prostrate. At every change in posture, “God is great” is recited. The chief day of communal worship is Friday and believers gather at the mosque to pray, listen to portions of the Koran, and hear a sermon based on the text.
The sermon may have moral, social, or political content. Islam has no ordained clergy, but there are men trained specifically in religion, tradition, and law. For Christians, prayer is done alone as well as in a congregation like Islam, but the rigors are far less painstaking. Prayer alone is done at one’s discretion but traditionally is done at night or in the morning. Congregational prayer is usually headed by the preacher, priest, or another prominent member of the church. The congregation is usually seated in pews, but this can be done standing as well.
Christians have clergy that has been trained in theology and matters of religion and possess a degree from a seminary. The chief days of the gathering are Sundays, and believers pray, sing, listen to sermons, and read from the Bible during their communal gathering. As you can see, this is quite different from the Islamic religion. Another large difference between the two religions is the pilgrimage. For Muslims, the pilgrimage, or hajj, is an annual Muslim rite that every believer is expected to take part in at least once in his lifetime.
From the seventh to the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar, thousands of Muslims converge in the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia to visit the holy shrine of the Kaaba in the Great Mosque, which tradition says was built by Abraham. The pilgrimage was intended to reenact the hegira, the flight of Mohammad from Mecca to Medina in 622. Christians do not have such a pilgrimage but many do visit the birthplace of Jesus, the city of Jerusalem, and consider it an honor to do so.
Fasting and the giving of money are two more distinct differences between the two religions. Because the Koran was first revealed to Mohammad in the month of Ramadan, the whole month was set aside as a period of fasting. During each day, from first light to darkness, all eating, drinking, and smoking are forbidden. Upon the end of the fasting period, the second major festival of the Islamic year ensues and lasts several days. In contrast, Christians have the Lenten period, where Jesus was sent to the desert for forty days and forty nights and was tempted by the devil.
During this time, Christians usually give up something of importance, and although some fasting does happen, it is generally not as long as in the Islamic religion. The end of these forty days is known as Ash Wednesday, which begins the holiest point on the Christian calendar (Good Friday and Easter). Also, the giving of money is somewhat different. For Muslims, the zakat is an obligatory tax, which is contributed to by the state or community. In the modern period, the zakat has become a voluntary charitable contribution.
For Christians, this is known as a tithe. Believers are expected to contribute ten percent of their salary to the church for God’s purposes. Also, some of the differences between Islam and Christianity are discerned in the holy books of the Bible and the Koran. One such example is the sacrifice of Abraham. This event is interpreted very differently in both religions. Both books acknowledge that Abraham was willing to make a “tremendous sacrifice”. However, the difference between the interpretations lies in the name of Abraham’s son.
For example, the bible says, “By faith, Abraham, when he was tested, offered up Isaac, and he who had received the promises was ready to offer up his only son”. With this, the Bible affirms that it was indeed Isaac who was offered up as the sacrifice. In Koran, however, Ishmael is the one who is purportedly offered up for sacrifice as Abraham’s only son. Another incident that is disputed between the two religions is the Virgin Birth and the Nature of Jesus. The Koran does support the virgin birth of Christ but does not support the notion that Christ was resurrected.
The Koran suggests instead that the Virgin Mary gave birth to a prophet, who was free from innate sin because he was a virgin-born. The Bible then supports the notion that the virgin birth existed, and the Virgin Mary gave birth to the son of God, “In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent His only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him”.
Islam states that Christ is not divine, it rejects this ideal and is seen in the Koran, “The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was no more than Allah’s Apostle and His Word which He cast to Mary; a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah and His apostles and do not say: Three. Allah is but one God”. Jesus in the Bible, however, is believed to be “God manifest in the flesh”. This leads to the Trinity of the Christian faith.
Islam is monotheistic, stating, “For God hath said, ‘Take not to yourselves two Gods, for He is one God”. Christianity is also monotheistic, but God is made up of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; otherwise known as the “Trinity”. Christianity says, “The Spirit the Lord Him”, which refers to the Holy Spirit, Jesus, and God. Islam does not support this idea and the Koran argues that Christianity supports the notion of polytheism by stating that the Godhead represents three different Gods, not one.
In conclusion;
Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay; they are two intricately woven religions that have some basic framework in common, but their beliefs diverge as well. For example, some of the similarities shared between the two are the angel Gabriel as a deliverer of important news, monotheism, God as the creator of the world, and judgment by God after death. Most of the differences seem to stem from Jesus’ role as a savior.
For example, Muslims do not believe that Jesus was anything more than a prophet and therefore, the Trinity can not exist. Also, there are some deviations in similar stories that are related to each religion, like that of Abraham and his sacrificial son. Despite these differences and similarities, we can agree that Christianity and Islam are both significant players in the world of religion and today’s society.
Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay; Image by PIRO4D from Pixabay.
