Doubt

Author: Nageshwar Das

  • 1 Vocational Education Huang Yanpei Thought Value

    1 Vocational Education Huang Yanpei Thought Value

    Professional Ethics Huang Yanpei Vocational Education Thought and Value; Although more than 100 years have passed, the vocational education thought of professional pioneer Huang Yanpei still has great reference value for the development of vocational education in China today. In recent years, the state has successively issued relevant documents on vocational education, which shows that the state attaches great importance to it.

    Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about the Professional Ethics Huang Yanpei Vocational Education Thought and Value!

    This doubt first analyzes the content of Huang Yanpei’s vocational education ideological system from five aspects: the role, purpose, school-running policy, teaching principles, and professional ethics education of vocational education.

    Huang Yanpei was born in an era of national crisis. His parents were intellectuals, so he was exposed to Confucianism when he was a child. In 1901, he was admitted to Nanyang Public School. Cai Yuanpei, who advocated new education, became his teacher. Influenced by Cai Yuanpei, he began to explore and practice saving the country.

    After returning from overseas inspection in 1917, he convened the public in Shanghai to set up the China Vocational Education Society and issued the “Declaration of the China Vocational Education Society”. These two actions gave birth to his vocational education thought.

    Huang Yanpei’s Vocational Education Thought Content;

    The role of vocational education;

    Huang Yanpei believes that the development of vocational education is conducive to solving the biggest and most difficult livelihood problems faced by our country in the past. Vocational education can promote the development of each person’s personality so that everyone can obtain a means of making a living by learning a profession, and solve the livelihood problem that everyone cares about most; it also meets the society’s needs for talents from all walks of life; the most important thing What is important is that the level of the labor force after receiving vocational education will be greatly improved, thereby improving the quality of produced products and enhancing the country’s comprehensive national strength.

    The purpose of vocational education;

    At the same time, Huang Yanpei also proposed that vocational education in vocational schools should satisfy both the material and the spirit of the educated. Taking pleasure in one’s career is not only the professional purpose of the past but also should be the ideal working state of every professional of us today. In short, the purpose of letting a person learn a skill is not only to make him proficient but also to make him like his future career. You may like to read Mission and Vision Statement Business Essay.

    The school-running policy of vocational education;

    He advocated that schools should follow the two principles of socialization and science when developing vocational education. First of all, the socialization of running a school is reflected in that the types of occupations offered by schools should closely follow the needs of the times and society. Secondly, scientific schooling refers to vocational education as a new type of education. Schools will encounter many problems in the process of developing vocational education. As school leaders, they should have the ability to use scientific methods to solve problems.

    Teaching principles of vocational education;

    He believes that the principle of running a vocational school is “integration of work and study”. Students need to use their brains to learn basic theoretical knowledge, and they need to use their bodies to receive skill training. He was very opposed to the school at that time only allowing students to learn theoretical knowledge without allowing students to operate. He firmly believes that only by combining hands and brains can the workforce needed by society be cultivated.

    Professional ethics education;

    Dedication is the most important professional ethic. Students should recognize and love their profession. In addition, students must have a sense of service and cooperation, and actively establish a good cooperative relationship with their classmates. Professional ethics education is very important for cultivating students’ professional ethics. What do you know about Construction Lawyers’ Professional Ethics in China?

    The background of Huang Yanpei’s vocational education thought;

    Social background;

    Affected by external factors, my country’s industry and commerce obtained rare development opportunities at that time, and the demand for talents in all walks of life increased rapidly. However, Huang Yanpei found that it was still very difficult for students to find employment after actual inspections in many provinces. The main reason was that at that time, schools and industrial classrooms generally taught students theoretical knowledge and lacked practical skills training.

    This is the “common problem” that all schools carry out vocational education under the background of feudal society. Under this educational background, even though the country’s education is becoming more and more developed, there are more and more highly educated unemployed. Therefore, he vigorously carried out vocational education, and gradually formed an ideological system of vocational education through his practical teaching.

    Theoretical background;

    His vocational education thought originated from the four major educational thought trends at that time. One is the pragmatism education thought headed by Dewey. Huang Yanpei trains students in half-day work and half-day study at his school.

    The second is the ideological trend of civilian education. In his book “Three Desires to Run Vocational Education”, he clearly stated that the biggest beneficiary of vocational education was the civilians at that time, which was related to his acceptance of Confucianism.

    The third is the influence of the scientific education trend of thought. He believes that scientific methods should be used to solve the problems encountered in the process of developing vocational education.

    The fourth is the work-study education trend headed by Li Shi. In the vocational school established by Huang Yanpei, the learning mode he adopted is a combination of half-day work and half-day study.

    In the later period, he also developed two new methods based on the past: “Professional Consistency” and “Learning Consistency and Mutual Progress”.

    The Contemporary Value of Huang Yanpei’s Vocational Education Thought;

    The current high school entrance examination reform policy stipulates that general high school and vocational high school are divided at a ratio of 5:5, and the division is inevitable. In the future, most students will only be able to attend vocational schools after graduating from junior high school. However, the current situation of vocational education in our country is not very ideal, and there are many problems with its implementation, so it is very urgent to improve the quality of vocational education in our country.

    Improve the socialization level of vocational education;

    Today’s vocational education needs to improve the level of socialization. Socialization is mainly reflected in the establishment of majors in schools, the way of student training, and the socialization of teaching staff.

    First of all, the type of majors established by the school should be in line with the needs of society at that time. On the one hand, vocational colleges in the new era need to conduct a comprehensive survey of the local industrial market to keep abreast of the types of talents required by the market, and on the other hand, they must do a good job of forecasting and planning for the direction of future talent demand.

    Secondly, the socialization of student training means that in the process of cultivating students in vocational colleges, we must insist on cultivating the technical and practical talents that society needs. It is Huang Yanpei who advocates the combination of hand and brain.

    On the one hand, with the help of national policies, school-enterprise cooperation can be used to provide students with opportunities for off-campus internships, and they can be cultivated in a work-study model. On the other hand, improve the internship system and strictly require the process.

    Finally, the socialization of the construction of teachers’ teams is mainly reflected in the sources of teacher recruitment and on-the-job training in vocational schools. At present, most teachers in vocational colleges have high educational levels, but lack first-line experience and low skill orientation. Therefore, colleges and universities consider recruiting both full-time vocational teachers and part-time teachers. Those with weak skills are developed into qualified double-qualified teachers through on-the-job training.

    Implement the individual needs of vocational education;

    In the process of vocational education, it is necessary not only to pay attention to social needs but also to implement the individual needs of students. This is the goal that Huang Yanpei pursued from the beginning. Vocational college leaders and school teachers need to do three things well.

    Once you fully understand and observe each student, and communicate with each student on an equal basis, the majors chosen by newly admitted students may not be suitable, so teachers need to help them find suitable majors.

    The second is to provide them with a second choice so that students can work hard in the direction they are suitable for and like. Three schools should develop talent training programs that vary from person to person, and set up corresponding courses according to different majors.

    Attach importance to professional ethics education for professionals;

    Vocational education should not only allow students to master certain theoretical knowledge and receive skill training, but also pay attention to students’ professional ethics education. Modern schools can learn from the content of moral education advocated by Huang Yanpei.

    First of all, cultivate the professional outlook of future professionals who are dedicated and happy. In the current society, behaviors lacking professional ethics often appear, such as the milk powder incident many years ago, and the use of expired peanuts in peanut oil workshops. Therefore, in the process of educating students, we need to pay attention to cultivating their sense of work responsibility and improving their teamwork ability.

    Secondly, guide students to establish the concept of labor that working people are sacred.

    Finally, schools should increase the efforts to carry out patriotic education for students, that is, to integrate the education content of students’ patriotic thoughts into daily education.

    Combine multiple forces to jointly promote the development of vocational education;

    Huang Yanpei believes that vocational education can be developed only by combining various forces. The National Vocational Education Reform Implementation Plan promulgated by my country in 2019 suggests that vocational colleges can cultivate future professionals through school-enterprise cooperation.

    First, some scholars focus on the development mode of vocational education under the school-enterprise cooperation model. Schools and enterprises can jointly develop vocational-related courses and establish a school-enterprise community. Some scholars also research specific practices. By reading the research results of previous scholars, it is found that both theoretical and practical levels are moving towards a higher level.

    Secondly, some scholars conduct in-depth research on the use of mixed systems in vocational colleges from the theoretical and practical levels. In 2014 and 2015, the state also issued relevant documents to encourage mixed schools. Liu Dan (2017) studied the specific implementation process of the school-running model of secondary colleges jointly established by enterprises with mixed ownership and vocational colleges.

    Finally, some scholars have studied the cooperation between government, occupation, enterprise, and bank. Based on previous research by scholars, the government should urge enterprises to fulfill their due obligations by combining rewards and punishments, and ensure that skills will be improved after practical training.

    Professional Ethics Huang Yanpei Vocational Education Thought and Value Image
    Professional Ethics Huang Yanpei Vocational Education Thought and Value; Photo by Sigmund on Unsplash.
  • Construction Lawyers’ Professional Ethics in China

    Construction Lawyers’ Professional Ethics in China

    Professional Ethics of China Construction Lawyers; The concept of ruling the country by law is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and the progress of the rule of law in china is accelerated, which makes the status of lawyers in the legal profession improve, and the status of lawyers in the process of rule of law in china is also more prominent From the ecological perspective of ruling the country by law, the social responsibilities and work responsibilities undertaken by lawyers have changed.

    Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about the Professional Ethics of China Construction Lawyers’

    How to properly protect the interests of clients and regulate their own words and deeds with professional ethics is a major issue that lawyers need to think about at this stage. Based on the perspective of ruling the country by law, this paper comprehensively considers lawyers’ practice ability, moral cultivation and ideals, and beliefs, and puts forward opinions on standardizing lawyers’ professional ethics, to help promote the strategy of ruling the country by law. What is the Definition and Meaning of Juristic Personality?

    An overview of the basic theory;

    In the process of engaging in legal activities and performing their duties, lawyers should abide by certain codes of conduct and believe in certain morality, which is the professional ethics of lawyers. A lawyer’s professional ethics is also a comprehensive reflection of a lawyer’s integrity, political quality, disciplinary style, service awareness, and ideological quality. In the new era, lawyers’ professional ethics cover six levels of content.

    First, for the people. The people are the directors of the state, and any practice that lawyers engage in must not deviate from the interests of the people. They must have the courage to assume social responsibilities and safeguard the interests of the people. For example, lawyers should actively participate in legal aid, social law popularization, and social welfare activities, and truly become qualified lawyer who defends the interests of the people.

    Second, loyalty. Lawyers must be loyal to the socialist legal cause and establish socialist ideals and beliefs. Lawyers should also be loyal to their clients, guide them to move forward along the legal and correct route, protect their legitimate rights and interests, and refrain from false promises and false propaganda.

    Third, justice. Lawyers should be based on their work, treat their clients fairly, and spread positive energy in society. For example, lawyers should not coax their clients to spread rumors in society for financial gain.

    Fourth, is dedication. After accepting the entrustment of a client, a lawyer must be dedicated to his job, complete the work assigned by the client within the scope of the law, establish a correct practice concept, and enhance the image of the lawyer in the public mind.

    Fifth is the rule of law. In the process of practicing law, lawyers must defend the dignity of the Constitution and the law, properly handle the relationship with administrative and judicial organs, guide the masses to abide by discipline and law and take the lead in abiding by the Constitution and laws, and promote the process of ruling the country according to law.

    Sixth, integrity. Lawyers must prevent perjury and induce witnesses to collude in the practice process, and the privacy and secrets known in the practice process must also be kept strictly confidential.

    The performance of lawyers’ professional ethics anomie;

    (1) Compete with each other and pursue fame and fortune;

    Every lawyer is a part of the legal profession community, and the image of every lawyer is related to the overall image of the legal profession. At this stage, to pursue economic interests, some lawyers undertake cases by derogating other lawyers, making false promises, and false propaganda to the parties.

    First of all, when lawyers carry out publicity and promotion, they do not focus on the case itself. They publicize their social background to the client, belittle other lawyers, and exaggerate the number of cases they handle and their past performance, but in the end, they do not complete the client’s entrustment.

    Secondly, in the stage of charging fees, lawyers take advantage of the fact that the parties do not understand the law to increase the case-handling procedures, teach the complexity of the case in disguise, and then charge additional fees. Some lawyers even bypass law firms and collect fees privately by falsifying letters.

    Finally, some lawyers slandered the lawyers of the first-instance case in the second-instance case, which intensified the vicious competition within the legal profession. All in all, the practice of lawyers who look down on their peers and pursue fame and fortune not only affects the sustainable development of the legal profession but also causes the industry’s profits to be completely lost.

    (2) Insufficient literacy and poor business;

    In the era of the knowledge economy, the speed of knowledge change is accelerated, and many laws and regulations are updated quickly. Only by constantly updating their knowledge structure and transforming from generalization to refinement can lawyers adapt to changes in the legal market environment. At this stage, some lawyers rely on their peers’ experience in handling cases or have a solid foundation to handle legal affairs, and do not actively learn the latest legal knowledge and practice skills. Inefficiency.

    In addition to the professional level, some lawyers do not pay attention to speech manners & dress. For example, after losing the case, a lawyer in Northeast China arbitrarily accused the judges of unfair treatment without evidence, and even put on a printed T-shirt and stood at the door of the court after the event, which hurt the society and seemed to harm the lawyer. the overall image of the industry. Explain the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881!

    (3) The relationship is complicated and lacks principles;

    Typical manifestations are that some lawyers fail to properly control their relationships with judicial and administrative staff, submit to judicial and administrative powers too much, secretly collude with relevant personnel, and artificially manipulate the outcome of cases, undermining judicial credibility and fairness, and harming others. the legitimate rights and interests of a party. Some lawyers won the case by offering bribes, forging evidence, etc., losing the justice and professional ethics that they should uphold, and finally going to the road of crime.

    For example, in the Shanxi “Hao Jianhua” case, the Beijing “Ma Yuhong” case, and the Kunming “Deng Hua” case, the lawyers involved in the case solicited the source of the case by offering bribes and other means and disrupted the normal trial of the case by offering bribes. The above-mentioned improper behavior not only degrades the majesty of the legal profession but also tramples on the dignity and bottom line of the rule of law, which is contrary to our country’s strategy of governing the country by law.

    (4) Lack of integrity and indifference to ideals;

    On the one hand, some lawyers lack integrity, avoid talking about the key issues of the case, and blindly evade when encountering difficulties, which damages the interests of the parties. For example, after a lawyer in Shandong charged lawyer fees, he avoided the client by refusing to answer the phone when he encountered difficulties in handling the case and did not refund the lawyer fee, which finally caused the client to report to the Lawyers Association.

    In addition, some lawyers did not consider their case-handling ability and serviceability when undertaking cases and even made promises to the parties to “win the case”, which led to the miscalculation of the lawyer’s ability to the parties. On the other hand, lawyers, as part of the big social family, should be concerned about national interests, social public interests, and people’s interests. However, some lawyers only focus on their interests, have weak ideas on the rule of law, and are unwilling to assume corresponding social responsibilities.

    For example, in legal aid cases, some lawyers handle the case with a “perfunctory” mentality due to the low cost. They do not pay any attention to the interests of the parties to the case. Interests. Another example is that some lawyers are not keen to participate in legal popularization activities and other public welfare activities, and they are dismissive of social construction and the interests of the people, which violates the professional ethics of lawyers.

    Suggestions on Strengthening the Construction Lawyers’ Professional Ethics;

    (1) Improve professional ethics;

    The All-China Lawyers Association has paid great attention to the problem of anomie of lawyers’ professional ethics in practice. In 2011, it issued relevant industry regulations, stipulating lawyers’ practice discipline, professional ethics, and code of conduct. However, this provision is too general and has weak operability, making it difficult to meet the needs of governing the country by law in the new era.

    Therefore, it is necessary to revise the relevant industry regulations, further refine the behavior of lawyers’ professional ethics anomie, stipulate corresponding responsibilities, get rid of the idea of ​​empty words and formalities, ensure that industry regulations are feasible, and truly implement industry regulations into real life. middle. In addition, when revising or promulgating industry regulations, it is necessary to avoid principled content and focus on the specificity of regulatory provisions.

    (2) Improve legislation;

    First of all, to target the black sheep in the team of lawyers and play a warning role in the team of lawyers, it is necessary to amend the Lawyers Law and improve the content of the law on punishment for violations and legal liabilities. Lawyers’ violations and typical violations that are common in real life should be incorporated into the Lawyer’s Law.

    Secondly, when revising the Lawyers Law, we should pay attention to the connection between this law and the Administrative Punishment Law and the Criminal Law, coordinate the relationship between the laws, and prevent the occurrence of “substituting punishment for punishment”.

    Third, it is necessary to strengthen the management of law firms, refine the legal responsibilities of law firms from the legal level, and supervise the bad behavior of law firms.

    Finally, extreme measures are taken to prevent lawyers from being denied access to their rights. This article argues that when the Lawyers Law is revised, attention should also be paid to the field of lawyers’ rights and remedies so that powers and responsibilities are unified.

    All in all, the revision of the Lawyers Law should be adapted to the situation of social development. In particular, attention should be paid to the areas with high incidence in real life but there are legislative gaps, to make up for the shortcomings of legislation.

    (3) Focus on education and training;

    At this stage, the focus of lawyer training in different regions is different. Some regions focus on practicing skills, while others may focus on laws and regulations. This article believes that the first thing that lawyers should focus on in vocational training is professional ethics education. It is necessary to enhance lawyers’ understanding of the Lawyer’s Law and other industry regulations and to include normative documents related to practice discipline and professional ethics into the key learning content. Raise lawyers’ awareness of practice discipline and professional ethics.

    In addition, the Lawyers Association should also pay attention to the assessment of practice discipline and professional ethics when assessing trainee lawyers. For those who fail to pass the assessment in this field, ideological education should be strengthened to ensure high moral quality, strong ideological and political awareness, and service. Persons with strong consciousness enter the team of lawyers, and those with low moral literacy, weak ideological and political awareness, and a weak sense of service are excluded from the team of lawyers.

    (4) Improve the supervision mechanism;

    To regulate the practice of lawyers and improve the ability of lawyers to serve, we should not only start from the aspects of legislation and education and training, but also improve the punishment mechanism for violations, urge lawyers to develop a sense of responsibility, and prevent lawyers from touching the red line of violations of laws and regulations.

    On the one hand, it is necessary to improve the supervision mechanism, strengthen the supervision of social citizens (especially the parties) over lawyers, broaden the channels for public complaints, timely detect the violation of laws and regulations in the practice of lawyers, and eliminate the black sheep hidden in the legal team. Create a good practice atmosphere in the market. At the same time, it is possible to consider setting up a supervisory committee to supervise lawyers’ service work to improve the professionalism of supervision work.

    The Supervisory Committee is mainly responsible for the supervision of lawyers and law firms and has the right to disclose the bad behavior of lawyers. The supervisory committee should also regularly give material and spiritual rewards to the public welfare models and moral models among lawyers. While rectifying the discipline, they should also play the role of lawyers as role models and spread positive energy in the legal market.

    (5) Implementing a regular assessment mechanism;

    Judicial and administrative organs regularly assess lawyers, refine the content of assessments, improve assessment procedures, and avoid the formalization of regular assessments. This article believes that when assessing a lawyer, not only the professional level and professional ability of the lawyer should be assessed, but also the professional quality and personal integrity of the lawyer should be assessed, and the public should be publicized to prevent the public from being deceived when entrusting lawyers.

    In addition, judicial and administrative organs should also conduct regular assessments of law firms, assessing the supervision mechanism, social reputation, and financial capacity of law firms, and improving the management and service capabilities of law firms.

    Conclusion;

    Lawyers are not only defenders of the rights and interests of clients, but also an important part of the national judicial system, shouldering the important mission of resolving social disputes and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the people. The construction lawyers’ professional ethics is the proper meaning of comprehensively promoting the rule of law, it is a necessary guarantee for establishing the awareness of the rule of law in the society and enhancing the status of lawyers, and it is also an inevitable requirement for promoting the construction of a legal professional community.

    However, due to the short period of construction of the professional ethics system for lawyers in my country, there is still a large gap compared with the international level. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to start from the level when promoting the construction of professional ethics for lawyers. Governing the country by law is a long-term and systematic project, and the construction lawyers’ professional ethics, as an important part of it, has received extensive attention from all walks of life. This paper pays close attention to the proposition of lawyers’ professional ethics and analyzes this field by using the theoretical theories they have learned, hoping to inject fresh theoretical vitality into the construction lawyers’ professional ethics.

    Construction Lawyers' Professional Ethics in China Image
    Construction Lawyers’ Professional Ethics in China; Photo by Bram Naus on Unsplash.
  • 3-3 Financial Management and Management Accounting

    3-3 Financial Management and Management Accounting

    Relationship between Financial Management and Management Accounting; With the transformation of the modern economic situation, the new concept believes that financial management and management accounting can be gradually integrated and developed, so the overlap and repetition of financial management and management accounting have become an unchangeable fact. Know about Thinking of Accounting Firms for Small Business.

    Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about the Relationship between Financial Management and Management Accounting!

    This article starts from the similarities and differences between financial management and management accounting, analyzes and compares the two, reflects the mutual learning and absorption between the two, and promotes their respective development together. Secondly, comprehensively analyze the focus and key objects of their work, to define the content of the two.

    In the accounting profession, management accounting and financial management are of equal importance, both have deep historical origins, both originated in the 1920s, and have a lot in common in content, both have their own It has its specific research and service objects and development directions. This paper aims to demonstrate the important role of management accounting in the modern economy through comparative analysis and research into management accounting and financial management.

    3-1 The similarities between financial management and management accounting;

    In the reference book designated by the national certified public accountants, the financial department proposes that financial management is “a part of enterprise management, and is the management work related to the acquisition and effective use of funds”.

    This definition highlights that financial management is the management of how funds are obtained and used effectively. After the introduction of western management accounting, some domestic experts believe that management accounting is an emerging discipline, which is generated to meet the needs of enterprise internal management forecasting, decision-making, control, and assessment.

    Strengthen enterprise management and improve economic efficiency. It is not only a means to realize the modernization of enterprise management, but also an important content of enterprise modernization management. It can be seen from the above definitions that financial management and management accounting have the same management attributes, and their basic functions are to serve the management of enterprises and meet the needs of enterprise operation and development.

    In addition to this fundamental commonality, financial management and management accounting have the following similarities: from the perspective of method system, management theory, and management process, both are carried out in the order of planning, decision-making, execution, and control; two The source of the information analyzed by the readers is the financial and accounting data of the enterprise; the data and report texts and other text carriers generated in the management of the two have no legal effect, and almost no legal responsibility is assumed externally; the two are mainly based on the enterprise’s Operational reality, to take certain measures to actively promote the development of enterprises.

    3-2 The difference between financial management and management accounting;

    Financial management and management accounting has developed today, and the differences between the two are particularly obvious. The most fundamental difference between the two is that the main content of financial management is to manage funds, and the focus is on how to obtain more funds at a lower cost and how to use funds more efficiently.

    Financial management is an important link between the external environment and enterprises and is closely related to the operation of financial markets. Management accounting is about the operation and management information system of an enterprise. It is necessary to consider not only how to use funds efficiently, but also how to best allocate the materialized funds in operation and management activities.

    Management accounting also realizes the management of talents through performance evaluation, responsibility accounting, and control accounting, and efficiently allocates talents, resources and positions through effective arrangements, thereby improving the operation and management efficiency of enterprises. The concept of time value in financial management introduces the relevant content about cost and profit in economics, which affects the management and economic benefits of enterprise operation.

    And management accounting has continuously absorbed many theories and methods in its development process. These theories and methods can also be digested and absorbed by financial management. In addition, the incentive theory and entrustment theory absorbed by management accounting has a great inspirational effect on financial management activities and performance evaluation in economic practice and are worth learning from.

    3-3 Solutions to the intersection of financial management and management accounting;

    The general principle in the process of dealing with this problem is: first of all, the repetition rate of the teaching content between the two courses should be minimized, the learning efficiency and interest of students should be improved, and various knowledge points should be coherent according to the requirements of practice, to establish a complete body of knowledge. Therefore, the author thinks that the content of traditional management accounting should be integrated with financial management courses, or directly merged into a financial management course.

    From the current development trend, emerging management accounting has gradually become an independent discipline. At the same time, traditional management accounting and financial management are the same in terms of research purposes, objects, characteristics, and reflected content, which is also the basis for the integration of the two.

    Combining these two courses into one course has many advantages:

    1. It is beneficial to reflect the theoretical relationship between the two as a whole, to form a complete theoretical system;
    2. In the arrangement of practical training courses, the relevant After the content is integrated, the training can make the students better grasp the content and essence of enterprise fund management, make it more realistic, and improve the training efficiency and interest of the students.

    Conclusion;

    For an enterprise, both financial management and management accounting are the needs of internal management. It can effectively manage the entire process of the enterprise’s production and operation activities, improve the efficiency of the use of funds, and maximize the economic benefits of the enterprise. Although the relationship between financial management and management accounting is still at the stage of the debate, the differences between them can still be distinguished from different perspectives. Although they have different divisions of labor, they are of great significance to the long-term development of enterprises.

    Relationship between Financial Management and Management Accounting Image
    Relationship between Financial Management and Management Accounting; Photo by Beatriz Pérez Moya on Unsplash.
  • 3 Thinking of Accounting Firms for Small Business

    3 Thinking of Accounting Firms for Small Business

    3 Thinking of Accounting Firms for Small Business Expanding for Financial Consulting Business Essay; With the development of the market economy, China’s market economy management system is also constantly improving. However, many small and medium-sized enterprises have some problems in the process of operation, which affects the further expansion of the scale of the enterprise. Enterprises do not know much about the related issues in finance and operation. They need professional institutions for consultation, which is a financial consulting business. Do you like to read 5 Types of Savings Account in the Financial System?

    Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about the top accounting firms for small business, expanding for Financial Consulting, and Business Essay!

    The development provides a good opportunity. As a professional financial intermediary agency, accounting firms have certain advantages in the financial consulting business, and can better expand the business scope of the firm through the development of financial consulting business, which is of great significance for the development of accounting firms. This paper conducts comprehensive research and analysis on the key problems of accounting firms expanding financial consulting business at present, and proposes corresponding solutions for specific problems, hoping to provide some reference for accounting firms to better expand the financial consulting business.

    At present, the main business of accounting firms is to engage in audit, review, and other assurance services. The financial management consulting business is not the main business of accounting firms at present. Therefore, in the process of daily operation, it is rarely valued by the firm. However, an accounting firm is an organization with a professional financial team. Therefore, the professional knowledge in corporate financial management consulting is relatively solid. At present, there are some problems in the expansion of the financial consulting business by accounting firms for small business, which affect the further expansion of the business scope.

    The main content of accounting firms to expand financial management consulting business

    First, the agency bookkeeping business, mainly helps small and medium-sized enterprises to provide agency bookkeeping and monthly and quarterly reporting services. A certain amount of agency fee is charged through agency bookkeeping to obtain a certain income.

    Second, the enterprise registration business is the accounting firm that provides registration for newly established enterprises, or time changes and cancellations of industrial and commercial information and other related services, to charge a certain labor fee.

    Third, the design business of the financial management system is mainly to help enterprises to better carry out financial operations and obtain certain remuneration by providing internal financial position settings for enterprises or formulating some financial management-related systems for later managers.

    Fourth, help the enterprise to carry out strategic planning, formulate scientific and reasonable strategic planning according to the enterprise’s development strategy and the actual situation of the enterprise, to help the enterprise to complete the development strategy and the annual financial indicators formulated by the enterprise manager.

    Fifth, budget management, which is mainly to formulate budget plans according to the business situation of the company in previous years and its future development strategy. This can facilitate the enterprise to better implement the relevant budget indicators and provide a good guarantee for the realization of the enterprise’s business goals.

    Sixth, the tax planning work is mainly to reduce the tax burden of the enterprise by providing tax planning for the enterprise and reducing the various service fees charged by the enterprise’s operating pressure.

    Seventh, the setting of the internal control system and the setting of the supervision system, the accounting firm designs the complete internal control process for the enterprise to help the enterprise better conduct internal supervision.

    Eighth, corporate investment activities are mainly to help companies choose investment plans that are more in line with their business characteristics. Conduct a comprehensive investigation of the financial situation of the project before investment, and provide data support for the enterprise to make investment decisions.

    Ninth, the financing plan of the enterprise, according to the capital situation of the enterprise, the rational planning of the financing plan.

    Tenth, carry out a comprehensive performance appraisal according to the business operation of the enterprise and provide performance services for the enterprise.

    Eleventh, the value evaluation of the enterprise is mainly based on the operation of the enterprise and the operation of each project, as well as the overall experience of the enterprise. A comprehensive assessment of value.

    Twelfth, human resources consulting, mainly to provide talent planning for enterprises, to better design the salary standards of enterprises, and to fully motivate employees to carry out daily work.

    Advantages and problems faced by accounting firms in expanding financial consulting business

    Advantages of accounting firms in expanding financial consulting business;

    The project personnel of the accounting firm has high professional standards. There are a large number of certified public accountants in the accounting firm. They have received higher vocational education. Their good professional theoretical level can provide a good theoretical guarantee for the financial management consulting business.

    In the process of auditing, they have come into contact with financial accounting in different industries. Therefore, in the process of consulting business development, accountants have certain work experience, which is of great positive significance for better improving the comprehensive level of financial management and ensuring the improvement of the financial consulting level.

    Accounting firms have a better understanding of the financial management needs of enterprises. At present, there is a very close relationship between Chinese accounting firms and enterprises. Whether it is daily audit business or review business, we are committed to providing better services for enterprises in the process of carrying out. In the process of auditing business, they understand the relevant needs of enterprises and have a certain understanding of how to carry out relevant work.

    On this basis, we can better provide financial consulting services from the perspective of enterprises, which is of great positive significance for improving the comprehensive level of financial consulting services. Accounting firms have a better understanding of the needs of enterprises in their daily business, which provides reliable market resources for firms to carry out financial consulting business, and has a positive impact on the development of the firm’s financial consulting business.

    CPA has a good reputation. With the continuous increase in the number of certified public accountants in my country, the professional standards and professional service spirit of certified public accountants have also been highly recognized by people from all walks of life. A good practice spirit and social reputation will attract more customers to hire accounting firms to carry out related financial consulting business, which is very positive for the further development of accounting firms’ financial consulting business.

    Relevant problems in the process of expanding the financial consulting business of accounting firms;

    Financial management consulting professionals continue to drain In recent years, with the overall reduction and upgrade of the statutory business of certified public accountants, the competition in the industry is gradually intensifying. CPA not only needs to rely on brain power but also needs to consume a lot of physical strength. However, their remuneration has not been significantly improved, which leads to the continuous increase of the turnover rate of professional talents in financial management consulting of accounting firms.

    Many certified public accountants with comprehensive professional knowledge and rich practical experience have joined relevant management positions in enterprises. Therefore, the brain drain of accounting firms is serious, resulting in the shortage of professional talents in the process of expanding the financial consulting business of accounting firms.

    The intensified market competition in the financial management consulting business has intensified the difficulty of business expansion. At present, financial management consulting is not only undertaken by accounting firms, but also by enterprises and financial industry enterprises. Therefore, the overall competition in financial management consulting is very high. big.

    Many colleges and universities and other types of consulting institutions have opened financial consulting services. Coupled with the further expansion of the influence of foreign consulting companies in my country, it is very difficult for my country’s accounting firms to develop financial consulting services.

    The level of financial consulting informatization is relatively low, which reduces the quality and efficiency of the business. Currently, in the information age, accounting firms need to use information technology to complete many financial consulting services, comprehensively improve the consulting effect, and ensure consulting efficiency.

    However, at present, the overall informatization level of accounting firms is relatively low, and they still use traditional consulting business processing methods. The efficiency of their work cannot meet the needs of customers for financial consulting services, resulting in work efficiency and work quality cannot comprehensively obtain. The improvement of accounting firms has affected the further expansion of financial consulting services by accounting firms.

    Effective methods for accounting firms to develop a financial consulting business;

    Reform the compensation system and attract outstanding talents;

    At present, accounting firms should set up a professional project team in the process of conducting financial consulting business to have a comprehensive understanding of the financial consulting business, and at the same time form core competitiveness, to provide accounting firms with more professional financial services through professional talents. consultation service.

    To better retain talents, accounting firms should improve the traditional compensation system and establish a performance appraisal mechanism. Set up different performance appraisal indicators according to the work behavior of the relevant staff, to motivate employees to join the accounting firm’s financial consulting business. At the same time, accounting firms should pay more attention to professional talents and provide them with more diversified training.

    Comprehensive assessment of professionals from different aspects. In the process of assessment, it is necessary to establish key performance indicators, and use the balanced scorecard and other related methods to achieve comprehensive training of talents, attract talents while cultivating talents, and provide good financial consulting services for accounting firms. human resources foundation.

    Innovate business models and enhance customers’ recognition of corporate services;

    With the development of the market economy, the current market competition for financial consulting businesses is increasing year by year. To better gain a competitive advantage in the fierce market competition, first of all, accounting firms should constantly innovate the current business model, and should not continue to use the traditional business model.

    To better expand the financial consulting business, accounting firms need to Strengthen marketing innovation, use new marketing methods, let more customers understand the accounting firm’s financial consulting business, and provide customers with good consulting services so that every customer can have an understanding of the accounting firm’s financial consulting business. Basic understanding. Secondly, in the daily service process, it is also necessary to increase the stickiness with customers, establish its brand, and establish a good brand image.

    In this way, when customers need some financial consulting needs, they can think of an accounting firm for the first time, to ensure that the financial consulting business of accounting firms can be carried out more widely. To better enhance customer stickiness, the managers of the firm need to use some internal control system diagnostic services to attract customer recognition. Users understand the relevant consulting business. This is a good marketing method, and it is also a solution to the accounting firm’s financial consulting scope. A small important way to this problem.

    Increase investment in research and development and improve the level of informatization;

    In the Internet era, information technology has become an important factor affecting the overall market operation. In the process of expanding the financial consulting business, accounting firms should actively carry out research and development of products and services, and at the same time increase investment in information technology to comprehensively improve the information technology level of accounting firms’ staff. Read new Software Project Management Plan and Control Method Essay.

    First of all, in the process of daily operation, accounting firms should increase information input and use information equipment to achieve basic service work, which is of positive significance for better improving the effect of financial consulting. Secondly, accounting firms should actively cultivate the information technology level of staff, use information technology to improve the efficiency and treatment of financial consulting; and provide a good reputation for the development of accounting firms, to maximize the ability of financial consulting services to be guaranteed. More standardized development in accounting firms.

    Conclusion;

    Through the investigation and analysis of the relevant problems in the process of financial consulting business development of accounting firms in my country, this paper finds that the existence of many problems has become an important factor affecting the financial consulting business development of accounting firms. Accounting firms must attach great importance to specific problems, analyze specific problems based on reality, maximize the application scope of accounting firms’ financial consulting, and inject new vitality into the development of accounting firms. It is believed that shortly, with the further development of the accounting firm, its financial consulting business will become the main force of the firm’s business operations, providing a reliable source of income for the firm’s development.

    3 Thinking of Accounting Firms for Small Business Expanding for Financial Consulting Business Essay Image
    3 Thinking of Accounting Firms for Small Business Expanding for Financial Consulting Business Essay; Photo by Dan Dimmock on Unsplash.
  • 5 Improve Administrative Efficiency in Public Management

    5 Improve Administrative Efficiency in Public Management

    Improve Administrative Efficiency in Public Management; In the work of public management, to further improve the efficiency of administrative management and safeguard the legitimate interests of the public, it is necessary to solve the problems existing in administrative management, take effective measures to change the status quo of administrative management, and build a perfect management system. This paper first briefly expounds on the necessity of implementing administrative management in public management, then analyzes the factors that affect the efficiency of public administration, and specifically discusses the ways to improve the efficiency of administrative management.

    Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about What are the Measures to 5 Improve Administrative Efficiency in Public Management?

    State administrative agencies must effectively manage social and public affairs in strict accordance with the requirements of relevant laws and regulations, which is called public administration. Due to the complex division of labor in society, to promote the normal functioning of society, it is necessary to implement effective public administration services. As the population of major cities in my country continues to rise, the management concepts in some areas are relatively backward, which often leads to difficulties in improving the Administrative Efficiency in Public Management.

    It is necessary to carefully analyze the reasons that affect the Administrative Efficiency in Public Management, and then formulate effective improvement measures, introduce advanced technical means and management concepts, and increase supervision, to change the status quo, clarify the focus of work, provide better services for the public, and reasonably maintain the public. 25 best Case Studies for MBA management students.

    I. The necessity of implementing administrative management in public management

    my country’s administrative management agencies will use multiple resources and invest a lot of human, material, and financial resources to carry out effective administrative management. To improve management effectiveness, obtain good social benefits, and safeguard public interests, it is necessary to take effective means to improve the Administrative Efficiency in Public Management. Here are the Top 20 Definitions of Management.

    The improvement of administrative management efficiency is related to the responsibilities and scope of work of each department. It is necessary to incorporate administrative management into the public management system, and actively carry out reform and innovation. To further play the role of public management, it is necessary to improve the Administrative Efficiency in Public Management and integrate relevant laws and regulations to ensure the effective implementation of national policies.

    If the administrative management efficiency is relatively low, it will not only affect the implementation of policies but also affect social stability. To check and accept the work of the administrative department, it is necessary to take efficiency as an important content to measure the results of its work. That being said, it is imperative to ensure that each department is in coordination with each other to truly improve administrative efficiency.

    II. Reasons Affecting the Efficiency of my country’s Public Administration

    (1) The concept of work is more traditional

    Most of the public administration work in our country is in charge of various organs and units. In the process of carrying out the work, it is difficult for some staff to meet the needs of the masses and shirk their responsibilities from time to time, resulting in low work efficiency and dissatisfaction among the masses. When our country builds the public administration system, the existing work concept is no longer suitable for the current state of administration. The administrative management system contains many social functions, resulting in many types and levels of related departments, and each department cannot clarify its responsibilities, thus affecting the improvement of work efficiency.

    (2) The office system is relatively backward

    At present, some administrative units still use traditional office methods and cannot play the role of information technology. Some staff still use manual storage when keeping documents, and most of the documents are mainly paper, which not only takes up a lot of space but also brings many difficulties to the review of documents, thereby reducing work efficiency. The offices of some administrative units lack advanced computer tools, and the staff is not proficient in operating computer technology in their daily work, and still collect and organize various data through manual statistics, often resulting in inaccurate data and data loss.

    In addition, due to the inadequate construction of informatization, the communication between departments faces certain difficulties, which makes it difficult to share information and resources. Lack of effective supervision my country’s administrative management system is relatively closed, and it is difficult to be influenced by the outside world, resulting in insufficient supervision of various work.

    At present, the degree of information disclosure by administrative management is still insufficient, and it is difficult for the outside world to understand the actual situation. Even if there are major problems in the work, it is difficult to make a scientific evaluation. The internal evaluation system of administrative management is imperfect, and it is difficult for the outside world to participate in the evaluation work, resulting in the evaluation results are not objective enough to truly reflect the problems of administrative management.

    III. Countermeasures to improve the efficiency of administrative management in public management

    (1) Change the traditional management concept

    Since most enterprises are highly dependent on the government, if the status quo cannot be changed, it will affect the efficiency of enterprises. If the enterprise does not have real economic power, it cannot adapt to the challenges brought by the market economy environment, thus affecting the improvement of the competitiveness of the enterprise.

    Therefore, government functional departments should improve the existing administrative management concepts according to the requirements of the development of the market economy, empower enterprises with more power, and play the role of supervision by people from all walks of life.

    At the same time, the government should continue to innovate the concept of administrative management, appropriately weaken the dominance of the enterprise, establish a perfect service concept, provide strong support for the development of the enterprise, and not interfere with the various planning and decision-making of the enterprise, improve the subjective initiative of the enterprise, and enable the enterprise It has the creativity and a good sense of social responsibility, truly guarantees the return of social power to the society, plays the role of social groups and social organizations, and effectively improves the efficiency of public affairs.

    (2) Strengthen the construction of informatization

    1. Actively carry out top-level design and resource sharing

    It is necessary to attach great importance to the application of information technology, be good at building a complete information-based administrative management system, and ensure that the construction of administrative information-based management is further implemented through perfect top-level design. It is necessary to build a special administrative management platform to play the role of each department and make it work closely with each other.

    Multiple departments should have a unified understanding, attach importance to the collection and sorting of data, give full play to the advantages of information technology, actively communicate and exchange on a certain issue, and improve the level of information and resource sharing. To carry out the construction of management informatization through a top-down approach, all departments must obey the command and strengthen coordination.

    Set up a special information management team, actively introduce and develop information management software, clarify the work content and key points of each functional department, provide corresponding data from each department, build an information construction framework, and test this framework. Make sure the functionality is complete.

    2. Raise the information awareness of administrative staff

    It is necessary to actively build an administrative management database, continuously update the content of the database, and operate it reasonably. Administrative personnel should earnestly study the operation methods and key points of information technology, and update management concepts. It is necessary to strengthen the training of administrative personnel so that they can flexibly operate various hardware equipment, and use computer technology to handle various tasks, to effectively improve work efficiency.

    Information technology can not only optimize the administrative service system but also ensure the further implementation of various systems. Information technology can help administrators solve many difficult and miscellaneous diseases, perform accurate and efficient calculations on various data, and obtain reasonable statistical results. The staff of the administrative departments of the government must master advanced management tools, actively participate in various tasks, use the knowledge they have learned to solve problems, establish the idea of ​​serving the people wholeheartedly, and integrate them into practice.

    3. Carry out network and flat management

    The traditional organizational structure of administrative management is top-down. When transmitting information, it needs to be transmitted layer by layer, which will reduce the efficiency of information transmission. Building an information management system can ensure the timely delivery of information and reduce the link and time of delivery. By creating a flat and networked organizational structure, it is possible to share information resources, improve the efficiency of collaboration and communication between departments, and ensure that problems are dealt with promptly.

    In the traditional management mode, because the management method is relatively simple, it will affect the coordination between departments. By setting up an information-based administrative management system, the symmetry of information can be improved, data can be uploaded comprehensively and accurately, and relevant departments can analyze the data promptly and make reasonable decisions.

    IV. Innovate the administrative management system and supervision system

    (1) Innovating the administrative management system

    First, establish a hearing system. Further, improve the hearing system, listen to the people’s opinions on public administration, find out the deficiencies in the work promptly, and improve and perfect them.

    Second, formulate a public inquiry system. Citizens’ right to know must be respected, the transparency of administrative management must be improved, the information symmetry must be ensured, and issues related to administrative management must be explained to citizens and people from all walks of life promptly.

    Third, set up an administrative referendum system. Through this system, administrative management can be promoted towards the direction of democratization. Since the system still needs to be further improved, it is necessary to continuously optimize the content of the system according to the actual situation, and make it further promoted.

    (2) Give full play to the supervisory role of new media

    New media can be used to supervise administrative management to ensure that the work is more transparent and to implement supervision. It is necessary to further improve the laws and regulations related to the supervision of new media, and give full play to the role of new media. It is necessary to further improve the internal mechanism of new media and improve its supervision and management capabilities.

    Since the work efficiency of my country’s administrative departments still needs to be improved, and the staff lacks a sense of responsibility when carrying out management, it is necessary to further improve efficiency, give full play to the role of advanced technology, implement one-stop office, ensure that various resources are allocated reasonably, and also It can supervise the work process in real-time, effectively improve the efficiency of work, and meet the actual needs of the masses.

    (3) Promoting administration towards democratization and publicization

    There are many unreasonable points in the traditional administrative management system. Due to some asymmetry in decision-making and execution work, and they are independent in specific operations, once the decision-making is unreasonable, the execution effect will be affected. Most administrative management activities reflect the unilateral will of administrative organizations and personnel, do not fully consider the needs of the public, and are not democratic enough. Therefore, to ensure more rational decision-making and improve management efficiency, the voices of the people should be carefully listened to.

    It is necessary to give full play to the role of the Internet and big data, conduct statistics and analysis of various data, understand the thoughts of the people, and ensure that decision-making is more scientific and effective. Managers should play the functions of the information management system, understand the opinions of the public and social organizations, and give feedback on the opinions of the public promptly. Before making a decision, it is necessary to understand public opinion, pay attention to the openness of government affairs, and ensure that the public actively participates in it, so that the public can trust the government more, thereby improving the level of administrative management.

    To set up a special electronic public opinion mailbox, if the masses have their ideas, they can send their opinions to the mailbox. In this way, communication between the executive branch and the public can be achieved, and work can be properly monitored. If the policy has a wide range of influence, it must be explained to the public, and the public can be guided and encouraged to put forward better suggestions and practical solutions on the Internet, or actively collect suggestions and encourage the public to discuss.

    Due to the relatively large administrative management system, there will be a certain lag in the process of transmitting the information. Therefore, the government should establish a complete information management platform to ensure that the work of each department is efficiently handled on the platform. When relevant problems are collected, they can communicate on the platform at any time, and professional personnel is responsible for solving the problems, which can not only reduce management costs but also improve work efficiency and management quality.

    It is necessary to integrate advanced technology and knowledge, innovate management models and management methods, actively build hardware equipment and software, strengthen the training of personnel, and introduce high-quality talents to enable them to assume the responsibilities of administrative management. The government should reasonably coordinate various networks to reduce overlaps in work. By creating a flat management organizational structure, various tasks can be carried out more flexibly, the innovation awareness of the staff can be improved, and the administrative management work can be truly implemented.

    V. Application of New Public Management in Administrative Management Reform

    At present, my country’s administrative management is mainly dominated by traditional public administrative norms. Although the new public management concept can provide a corresponding reference for the reform of administrative management, it has not played a further role. To further improve the Administrative Efficiency in Public Management, our country has carried out system reform radically, carried out administrative management reform and innovation, and updated management concepts and thinking.

    Combined with the national conditions of our country, we should reasonably learn from the theory and experience of new public management, reform and innovate the administrative management, and ensure that its functions can be effectively played. The new public management includes modern enterprise management ideas. In the process of specific application, the following points should be paid attention to.

    (1) Improve the efficiency of administrative management

    It is necessary to actively introduce a modern enterprise management model and understand the methods and ways of improving the work efficiency of the enterprise, to better exert the advantages of the new public management and create an efficient administrative management system. When setting and implementing goals and related tasks, it is necessary to formulate a sound assessment and supervision mechanism, improve the deficiencies in the existing management work, set up reasonable institutions, and improve work efficiency.

    It is necessary to organically combine daily management with comprehensive management, decompose management objectives, formulate a sound incentive mechanism, stimulate the enthusiasm and initiative of staff to work, improve service awareness and personal skills, and effectively improve work efficiency. Due to the special national conditions of our country, the organic combination of new public management and administrative management can improve management efficiency.

    (2) Promoting the continuous deepening of administrative reforms

    To better exert the functions of new public management, it is necessary to introduce target management and market competition into administrative management, further optimize the administrative management system, conduct a comprehensive assessment of employees’ behavior, and understand their specific work performance and work quality. , to ensure that resources are fully utilized and the advantages of talents are effectively brought into play.

    It is necessary to introduce a sound competition mechanism, so that the majority of enterprises can fully realize the severity of market competition, continuously improve their comprehensive strength, provide consumers with satisfactory services and high-quality products, and promote administrative institutions to continuously optimize their management models. Management and service level to create greater benefits for the society.

    (3) Further improve administrative laws and regulations

    When applying the new public management theory, in addition to combining my country’s national conditions and the current state of administrative management, it is also necessary to play the role of laws and regulations, improve the authority and enforcement of laws, and escort the reform of administrative management. It is necessary to improve and perfect the existing laws and regulations, integrate advanced public management experience, constantly innovate management ideas and management models, adjust unreasonable content in-laws and regulations promptly, and give play to the supervisory role of the system.

    It is necessary to give full play to the functions of various departments so that they can cooperate while doing their work, ensure the coordinated development of various tasks, and effectively improve the Administrative Efficiency in Public Management. In addition, corresponding technologies are included in the new public management, which can be selected and used according to the actual situation to avoid and prevent the risks existing in the administrative management, optimize the functions of the administrative management, and comprehensively supervise and restrain the behavior of each unit.

    At present, the reform of administrative management in our country faces many obstacles. On the one hand, it is due to the increasingly fierce competition faced by our country; on the other hand, it is because the existing legal system needs to be improved. Therefore, only by fully combining my country’s national conditions, improving my country’s comprehensive national strength, and perfecting the legislative work, can the administrative reform work be carried out smoothly.

    (4) Improve the service level of administrative departments

    After the administrative department introduces a new concept of public management, it can not only clarify the direction of reform and reform ideas, but also draw on successful experience, learn successful practices, improve and optimize the functions of the department, and timely address the existing problems in the current stage of work. deficiencies are corrected. The staff of the administrative department will further understand the necessity of the implementation of the new public management in practice, change the traditional thinking, treat the work with a sense of responsibility, and establish the consciousness of serving society and the people wholeheartedly. 

    In summary;

    Although the Administrative Efficiency in Public Management still needs to be further improved, as long as relevant departments and personnel actively change their traditional work thinking and working methods, introduce advanced technology, build an information management system, and optimize the organizational structure, By integrating innovation consciousness, the status quo can be changed, the loopholes in management can be filled in time, and the people and the society can be truly benefited, and the Administrative Efficiency in Public Management can be steadily improved.

    What are the Measures to 5 Improve Administrative Efficiency in Public Management Image
    What are the Measures to 5 Improve Administrative Efficiency in Public Management? Image by Joseph Mucira from Pixabay.
  • Crime Prevention and Community Safety Difference

    Crime Prevention and Community Safety Difference

    Crime Prevention and Community Safety Distinctions and Differences; Crime prevention is defined as any action or technique used by individuals or public authorities to reduce the damage caused by acts described to criminals in a state. Crime prevention aims to reduce crime through strategies such as closing doors, hiding money, and rebuilding buildings to ensure they do not break down. Community security is defined as an alliance of social organizations, such as local authorities and community-related social services, such as victims and at-risk groups, as well as efforts to reduce specific crime classes.

    Here are the articles to answer, What are the Differences between Crime Prevention and Community Safety?

    Community security is similar to crime prevention in that it aims to reduce criminal behavior, but community security focuses on smaller, high-crime communities. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, supported by the Crime and Disorder Act (1998), have a collective responsibility between local authorities and the police to work with probation services to implement a strategy to reduce crime and unrest in this area. It is therefore proposed that they work together to devise crime prevention and community safety strategies, such as the Neighborhood Watch (1980), which will result in a secure community. This essay aims to discuss the veracity of this statement through research and evaluation.

    There are various types of crime prevention strategies that have been identified as a combination in the 1980s, including situational and social crime prevention. Situational crime prevention refers to changing situational characteristics to make offending more difficult and it easier to detect the offender. It is associated with primary crime prevention as this refers to strategies on a more general level that involves socialization in families and the community to prevent crime. Also read, What are the Differences between Positivism and Classicism Sociology?

    Differences Part 01;

    These strategies aim to focus on the offense and not the offender, for example, the input of CCTV on buildings to deter offenders from committing crimes as they are aware they are being watched. In contemporary society, the public is constantly under surveillance on the streets of Britain. However, despite there being an excessive amount of CCTV used, there is much debate as to whether crime prevention strategies such as this are successful.

    For example, research into the Kirkholt project in Rochdale showed a range of interventions to prevent burglaries such as the installation of window locks and strengthened doors resulting in repeat victimization reduced by 80% within seven months and further success was shown by burglaries falling by a quarter in three years. However, it can be argued that despite these strategies being implicated, geographical displacement can occur. For example, in Germany steering locks were introduced to all cars to stop car theft and rates fell drastically, however, when this was introduced in Britain it just resulted in the theft being displaced to cars that did not have a steering lock.

    Differences Part 02;

    Therefore this supports the suggestion that crime prevention strategies are not always effective as offenders will find means to commit a crime if they see it possible. However, further research into the installations of improved street lighting in Dudley, showed that crime declined on the estate it was installed on and one nearby that did not have any lighting. This exemplifies the idea that the implications of crime prevention strategies are successful in deterring offenders from committing crimes in and around the area they have been targeting.

    Social crime prevention embodies predisposition assumptions about what causes an individual to commit a crime. This refers to looking at the social factors that are associated with a crime such as poor living conditions, relative deprivation, and low income. Secondary crime prevention is associated with this as it identifies at-risk people due to these factors. This view of crime is said to be what creates offenders in the first place rather than the physical environment and therefore social programs need to be enforced to change offender attitude toward the law.

    Differences Part 03;

    Developmental crime prevention is an important form of social crime prevention as it aims to identify the factors that put young people at the core of crime and try to diffuse these issues. Cognitive-behavioral interventions have been introduced in the UK to encourage young offenders to think of the consequences of their actions. Research has shown that these interventions have been successful in decreasing reconviction rates, however, many offenders did not complete the program.

    This supports the suggestion that it is down to individual choice and perception as to whether they commit a crime or not and so focusing on the individual is vital in social crime prevention. Community crime prevention is also an important form of social crime prevention that involves individuals and institutions in a neighborhood mobilizing resources. Several community schemes in the UK have been successful in preventing crime. Research into the mentoring plus program found that there were significant reductions in offending behavior. Again, this reinforces the idea that establishing these strategies does positively influence crime rates.

    Differences Part 04;

    There are several issues raised with crime prevention strategies, one of which is the fact that situational crime prevention assumes that the solutions and causes of crime are by the community itself and it does not consider social and individual factors that contribute to becoming an offender, such as deprivation and a dysfunctional upbringing. Furthermore, it does not look into a broad range of crime, it only looks at the crime committed in the community and could look into a white-collar crime committed in middle-class areas and workplace crime that often goes undetected, as evident here.

    Community safety moves forward from crime prevention strategies to the involvement of social agencies that seek participation from all sections of the community. The Morgan Report (1990) suggested that ‘crime prevention’ should be replaced with the term ‘community safety’ as crime prevention is narrowly interpreted and with the replacement of this community safety, a broader view is created encouraging participation from all areas of the community. This means that specific agencies are not relied on solely, such as the police. In 1997 the Labour Party emphasized this idea and put it into place with the multi-agency working.

    Differences Part 05;

    Several agencies collaborated such as the education system, local authorities, and social services to ensure the community was a safer place. Crawford (1998) stated that this turn towards community safety created a new hope of a more secure environment to live in. In 1997, research conducted by The Scottish Office into community safety schemes to prevent traffic accidents found that in the areas speed had been dramatically reduced by traffic calming, and the safety of cyclists, children, and pedestrians increased. This suggests that community safety programs are successful, introducing speed calming tactics reduces the risk of accidents preventing harm to people.

    However, there are many issues raised with community safety, for example, the problem of putting in place community-based solutions in deprived areas remains. To do this, funding is required and therefore middle-class areas are more likely to have them due to being of better wealth. Although it is working-class areas where the most crime is committed, solutions are being implemented in the wrong place, thus not being successful in reducing crime where it is needed. This creates a dysfunctional community safety network within working-class areas and therefore crime becomes rife with offenders believing there is no form of control to prevent or try and deter them from committing a crime.

    Short Essay;

    Crime Prevention and Community Safety as areas of scientific interest and practical progress have spread in recent years into a sub-discipline of self-efficacy. It includes his theories, intellectual perspectives, political debates, and moral entrepreneurs, as well as numerous procedures and student texts, “manuals”, magazines, practical toolkits, guides, and resources. The purpose of this chapter is not to give an overview of this rich carpet, nor to present a specific compendium of “what will work in crime prevention practice, but rather to understand the nature and evolution and changes in shaping time and thinking about the path of distant and possible future directions.

    The post outlines how it focuses on developments in the United Kingdom and, where appropriate, is set in a broader international context. We will begin by tracing the historical origins of the modern “preventive turnaround” and its institutionalization. The following sections follow the important development of crime prevention policies and procedures from the 1980s to the present. Our consideration of each content topic suggests three broad phases that organize the path to be achieved.

    The first period, the 1980s and 1990s, marked a time when restrictions became national and care focused on social and political considerations, bringing many changes and developments. The second period from the mid-1990s to the end of the 21st century is the point at which prevention was included as an important management strategy. During these first two phases, crime prevention parameters were opened up to address community security, anti-social behavior, and perceptions of insecurity, through inter-organizational partnerships.

    We continue to say that crime prevention has entered a third phase, represented by a decade of austerity measures, in which the escalation of social problems and the ideological departure from the public supply of services require a further change in political direction. He sees a degree of restraint, reorientation, redrawing of borders, and framing of relations between agencies. Because we are involved right now, our concluding remarks may be more cautious, but they show the direction that we think practice and policy can take in the future and the important role that crime prevention policy has played so far. certain transfer.

    In doing so, we examined the extent to which the “shift in prevention” met previous expectations and we monitored the progress made in specific areas of crime prevention in a given situation; community security; social/progressive crime prevention; and a partnership approach. For each of us, we looked at the path and the problems they had caused. Finally, we present some considerations about emerging fault lines and possible future directions.

    In conclusion;

    It is evident through the research discussed in this essay that crime prevention strategies and community safety collectively work together and without one, the other would not suffice. For example, without the input of crime prevention strategies such as secure locks on doors, it would be easy for a burglary to take place, resulting in an unsafe community. Furthermore, through the research discussed, crime prevention strategies enforced to create a safe community have been proven successful to an extent.

    They both contribute massively to reducing crime rates however, the success of strategies implemented and schemes created are dependent on factors such as geographical location, the social class of the area, and also individual differences that are existent. For example, crime prevention strategies will not prevent an offender from committing a crime if they have a strong psychological motivation to commit the crime they will, despite the chance of being caught. Despite this, they both continue to consistently tackle crime which will aim to create a secure and stable community, resulting in people lacking fear of being a victim of crime.

    What are the Differences between Crime Prevention and Community Safety Image
    What are the Differences between Crime Prevention and Community Safety? Image by Katie White from Pixabay.
  • Write a Title Ideas for Post and Illustration Essay

    Write a Title Ideas for Post and Illustration Essay

    How to Write Perfect Title Ideas for Post and Illustration Essay? When you are asked to select or create your essay title for a piece of work, such as a dissertation or thesis, you may suddenly realize that what might seem like greater freedom is a challenge instead. This is perfectly understandable as most learning is guided. For the majority of your academic life, you will have been given Title Ideas on which to write an essay.

    How to Write the Perfect Post Essay Title Ideas?

    Writing an essay will become a skill that you have acquired over the years by developing a methodology of response. Now you are being asked to ‘fly solo’, so to speak, and you may find yourself with a blank sheet of paper not knowing where to begin. How do you choose a topic or word to create an interesting title? Don’t worry, we’re here to provide some guidelines that can be applied to help you to choose Title Ideas that will be interesting, and appealing, to both you and the reader.

    1. Focus on the type of essay you are writing – Decide on the type of essay you are going to produce. This is important as, for example, a critical essay can be very different from a narrative essay or a research essay.
    2. Next, jot down your ideas related to the main theme of the essay. This allows the ideas you have to help generate a title. In most cases, this will give you strong Title Ideas that engage with your opinions.

    Choosing your Title Ideas for an academic essay or one that requires researching a topic

    Most academic essay titles have an implicit or explicit question. In other words, they will ask you, directly or indirectly, to consider a topic.

    An example of an explicit question in title ideas might be:

    ‘Do you agree that Victorian Literature is reflective of the era in which it is set? Discuss this concerning works by several authors of the time’.

    If the same essay were expressed implicitly it might look something like this:

    ‘Victorian Literature reflects the era in which it is set’: discuss this concerning chosen authors of the era.

    You can see that the basic content of both titles is the same and the same sort of essay will be expected in response to both. However, the direct question gives the writer a good starting point in responding by providing a point to argue “for or against”. It is therefore always worth considering including a question in your essay Title Ideas as the response will take you a long way towards the formulation of your thesis statement. You need to also decide whether or not your title ideas have more than one part to them, as the above do.

    Similarly, if you are intending to focus on a particular aspect of a topic, you need to include this as a keyword in your Title Ideas. You will be very familiar with this process, but again, in reverse. You will be used to finding the keywords to address when writing an essay as identifying these assists you to answer the question correctly. Now you will be using these words yourself to focus your essay and help define the points you want to make. Some frequently used keywords are (but are not limited to):

    • Discuss
    • Compare
    • Analyze
    • Contrast
    • Evaluate
    • Assess

    Questions that include these words explicitly define the type of essay that is to be written, examples might be something like:

    ‘Compare the effectiveness of two different writers on the creation of the welfare state in Britain.’

    ‘Evaluate the contribution made to the study of psychoanalysis by the early work of Sigmund Freud.’

    In both of these questions you can see that the keywords used help you to focus attention very precisely on the particular aspect of the topic you intend to write about, and, as with the inclusion of a question, assist with the formulation of a thesis statement.

    Choosing a title for an essay that doesn’t involve research

    You might likely be asked to write Title Ideas for a descriptive essay, an imaginative piece, or a personal piece. Climate Change Essay for Students in 1100 Words; It is probably true to say that these areas of writing are more likely to involve you in the process of evolving a title, since they are, in a sense, more creative.

    If you are asked to create a title of this sort, try to write a list of your ideas about the topic because these might generate a title for you. This time, however, your focus needs to be very much on capturing the attention of your reader to make them want to read on. Examples of Title Ideas that might apply to each of the above are:

    • Descriptive title – ‘A Paradise on Earth’ (this invites the reader into not only your descriptive piece but also your conception of what constitutes ‘paradise’ and how this differs from the reader’s own)
    • Imaginative title – ‘The World in Fifty Years’ (this again encourages engagement with the reader’s ideas and gives you scope to base your imaginative ideas on things around you)
    • Personal title – ‘The Most Difficult Decision I ever made’ (here you tell the reader a lot about yourself in the title and encourage them to proceed by stimulating interest).

    Remember that the main objective of every essay Title Ideas is to help you to examine a topic of your choice and to engage the reader’s attention sufficiently to make them want to read more!

    How to Write an Illustration Essay Ideas?

    An illustration essay is a variant of the basic essay format. In other words, it follows the format:

    • Introduction (including the ‘thesis statement’)
    • Main body (divided into separate but connected paragraphs)
    • Conclusion (summarising your argument).

    The difference is that in an illustration essay, the evidence is largely provided by the inclusion of examples, or ‘illustrations’, to support your argument; in many ways, it is similar to a narrative essay. Basically, in an illustration essay, you are inviting your reader to picture, via your ‘illustrations’, the argument’s effectiveness.

    How should I begin to write an illustration essay?

    The best way to begin an illustration essay is to study the topic you have been given to address as this will help you to develop a strong thesis statement in response. If you are asked to select your topic for an illustration essay, try to choose one about which you already know a great deal or will be stimulated to research because of your interest in it.

    This is important because as the focus of an illustration essay is the employment of examples of various sorts, it helps a great deal if the topic naturally generates illustrations in your mind. The essay topic should be sufficiently engaging to attract and hold the reader’s interest, much in the manner of a magazine or newspaper article. Think of yourself as competing, in the same way as professional writers do, for the attention of your reader and this will help you to come up with the kind of topic that is most suitable for your illustration essay.

    How should an illustration essay develop?

    Following the basic essay structure (as above) you then move into the main body of the illustration essay. If, for example, we take the simplest essay structure of the five-paragraph essay, then you have one paragraph for the introduction, three for the main body, and one for the conclusion; each paragraph of the main body of the essay should address a different aspect of the central theme. Do You Need Artificial Intelligence Benefits for your Online Business; Before beginning to write, as always, you should have made an essay plan, and within this include where your illustrations are going to be used.

    There are three main types of illustration:

    • Specific illustrations
    • Typical illustrations
    • Hypothetical illustrations.

    Each of these will be chosen about its applicability to the aspect of the paragraph topic under discussion.

    What does each of these illustrations mean?

    Briefly, the three types of illustrations given above refer to different definitions of illustrations that might be used as evidence in an illustration essay:

    • The specific illustration is an example from personal experience; for example, if you were to write about accidents, you might give an example of an accident that occurred to you to illustrate how such an accident might occur and be dealt with.
    • The typical illustration is a generic example, applicable to many on a given topic; again, using the example of the accident as a topic, a typical illustration would be the fact that most accidents happen at home.
    • The hypothetical illustration is, as its name suggests, an invented illustration; if the topic were accidents, as stated earlier, then a hypothetical example might be to introduce the idea of circumstances under which an accident might take place.

    These are very simplistic examples that would need to be modified according to what topic, or aspect of a topic, is under discussion.

    How should I decide which illustrations to use?

    When deciding on the illustrations you are going to use, bear in mind the fact that each has relative merits and drawbacks:

    • The specific illustration has the merit of having been experienced thus bearing authenticity; however, the drawback is that it carries with this the limitations of subjectivity.
    • The typical illustration has the strength of being easily related to by the reader but the weakness of being too easily flawed by its generality; in other words, it is impossible to say how well a typical illustration can be fitted to every case.
    • The hypothetical illustration is the weakest of the three because it has no grounding in fact and although this does give it extensive flexibility, it should only be used when no other illustrations seem to be applicable or as an addition to one or other or a combination of the other two.

    It is always best to decide on precisely which examples and/or types of examples will be used where and how in your illustration essay before you begin to write, as this will help you to create a strong, well-illustrated argument throughout. The quality and relevance of the illustrations are the foundation of an illustration essay, therefore the illustrations should be used frequently and appropriately right through your essay much as you would use evidentiary support in a standard academic essay. It is a good idea to vary the length and depth of your illustrations to add interest and variety to your argument depending on relative complexity at different points in your essay.

    How should I conclude my illustration essay?

    The conclusion of an illustration essay follows much the same construction as the conclusion of any academic essay. In other words, you need to draw together the main points you have made and produce a synthesis of the thesis. You should also try to suggest further discussion of the topic which might be needed in the future so that you do not imply to the reader that you are inferring that you have covered every aspect of the topic or its illustrations in your work.

    Try to pre-empt possible objections to the arguments and/or illustrations that you have employed by suggesting an ‘open-ended’ debate simply drawing to a temporary impasse. Remember that the principal framework of an illustration essay is its examples and you are trying literally to build a picture of the topic under discussion by making it as interesting, informative, and well-evidenced as possible.

    Reference; It is Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/guides/essay-titles.php?vref=1 and https://www.ukessays.com/guides/illustration-essay.php?vref=1

    Write a Title Ideas for Post and Illustration Essay Image
    Write a Title Ideas for Post and Illustration Essay; Image by Mote Oo Education from Pixabay.
  • Positivism and Classicism Sociology Differences

    Positivism and Classicism Sociology Differences

    Learning the differences between Positivism and Classicism. This essay will consist of me comparing two terms used to accustom crime: Classicist and Positivist. Looking at the association along with the two terms and how they can oppose one atypical. Theories, arguments, and history of Positivism and Classicism will be the main focus. I will be challenging theories and including what I’ve scholarly in my current module to intensify my reduction, looking put going on to the subject of the lectures I’ve taken. To compare classicism and positivism I will be looking at biological, and psychological positivism aspects comparing it to what I know is not quite classicism.

    Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about the differences between positivism and classicism!

    What are the differences between positivism and classicism? Classicism usually refers to the lead happening to the late 18th century, first introduced by recognized Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria and the famous British theorist Jeremy Bentham. When talking roughly classicism, these are the two names that will usually be spoken very more or less to manage to pay for a determined accord of classicism. Classicism is the defense for checking accounts and admission to crime, this touches upon one neighboring to will and critical calculating.

    Cesare Beccaria wrote a book “on Crimes and punishment”(1764). Cesare Beccaria goes into depth about the origin of punishment, the right to punish, and the proportion between crimes and punishment. What are the Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods? Cesare Beccaria demonstrates that punishment must be proportionate to the crime committed. “It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them.” Cesare Beccaria published his book anonymously for fear of being executed which shows how severe the punishments were for crimes or even those who challenged the law.

    It shows the idea of punishment and how it was used to induce fear into people to prevent criminal behavior, which sheds light on public executions and brutal torture. Crime engages in breaking the social contract which involves murder, thefts, etc. “Rule of the law”. Jeremy Bentham then intensifies Beccaria’s point by introducing utilitarian philosophy in his book(introduction to principles of morals and legalization,1780)in his book there’s a quote “utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good or happiness” (1780).

    Jeremy Bentham added to Beccaria’s studies that punishment should be deterrent. From my understanding, Jeremy Bentham is touching on how human behavior maximizes pleasure whilst trying to avoid the disadvantages that come with it. Bentham also includes in his studies free will and hedonistic calculus. The enlightenment from Beccaria and Bentham is: that the punishment is proportional, and to be carried out promptly. In addition to fitting the crime.

    Positivism is the opposite of classicism and includes science, positivism gives a philosophical body constructing human knowledge on the scientific interpretation of observational data. Positivism refers back to the late 19th century, the figurehead of biological positivism is a popular physician and anthropologist Italian Cesare Lombroso introduced atavism into his theory stating that “criminals are born, not made” and that one’s appearance and head size could determine their criminal behavior.

    Cesare Lombroso was inspired by Charles Darwin’s theory and phenology fuelling his idea for studies in biological positivism leading idea of an atavism criminal. Psychological positivism is an offense due to a criminal mind. Sigmund Freud the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud contributed to psychological positivism, he believed that humans are born with ID. In Sigmund Freud’s book “The Ego and the ID”(1923) In Freud’s book, he talks about the ego, superego, and ID.

    He goes into depth about criminal behavior categorizing it into three sections. Deviant superego, harsh superego, weak superego. In his book, he talks thoroughly about these three expressions “Deviant Superego- Superego well developed, but according to deviant social norms and moral understanding, Harsh superego psychosexual development disrupted – influences of parents: unconsciousness, repressed fantasies.” Weak superego- guilt and morality.

    How do both Positivism and Classicism oppose each other? Positivism and Classicism explain criminal behaviors and their causes of it. Positivism’s explanation of crime that is predetermined is the complete opposite of classicism. Positivism and Classicism do share some similarities however they conflict with one another. It seems that classicism is a more traditional approach whilst positivism is more of modernity explanation, introducing science and statistics into its findings.

    When science is involved, it can complicate research, especially in Cesare Lombroso’s case. In Lombroso, there are a few discrepancies within his theories. In his book “The criminal man” he goes in-depth about his findings. Lombroso believed that criminals could be determined by physical defects this links to anatomical atavisms. The head size and facial features of one could determine their criminal behavior.

    “Lombroso’s hypothesis of the “delinquents nato” “the born criminal” affirms that all true criminals have several casually connected characteristics: physical characteristics that can be shown anthropologically, and psychic characteristics that can be shown psycho-physiologically which mark them as an individual type of mankind” I don’t believe that criminals could be spotted by their genetic makeup, however, there’s a lot of cases I’ve read about a few cases involving criminals committing gruesome crimes, the suspect tend to have an incredibly high IQ.

    Serial killers Rodney Alcala, Edmund Kemper, etc. This could easily link to Sigmund Freud’s theory about the criminal mind, however, Edmund Kemper did have physical defects but he is probably one of the very few criminals with physical defects. Lombroso’s contribution to biological positivism makes it very difficult to understand the explanation of positivism. Enrico Ferri who studied at the Italian school of criminology also added that a person’s environment could contribute to their criminal behavior.

    “it is not the criminal who wills: to be a criminal the individual must find himself permanently or transitorily in such personal, physical, and moral conditions, and live in such an environment, which become for him a chain of cause and effect, eternally and internally, that disposes him toward crime” (1917) This creates a bridge to classicism to what Jeremy Bentham wrote about in his book “Utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good or happiness”.

    Thus in Enrico Ferri’s statement, those people in personal, physical, or moral conditions could be more likely to go into a life of crime to produce more benefits. The cause of crime would most likely be motivation, in this case, an individual could be adjusted to commit a crime. Biological positivism is based on scientific research and as we have access to more complex technology, and inquisitive approaches this is what makes positivism more modern. Psychological positivism strengthens the idea of positivism: as you are looking at it from a scientific way, but also in the psychological aspect which is the study of a person’s mind. Enrico Ferri’s quote also includes a sociological factor.

    Giving positivism three strong arteries: psychology, sociology, and biology. Classicism goes into depth about the repercussions of crime and how crime could be minimized. I did a reading where it gives a thorough explanation of classicism and the work of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria. From the reading ”first to escape war and chaos, individuals gave up some of their liberty and established a contractual society.

    This established the sovereignty of nations and the ability of the nation to create criminal laws and punish offenders, second, because criminal laws placed restrictions on individuals’ freedoms, they should be restricted in scope. They should not be employed to enforce moral virtue. To prohibit human behavior unnecessarily was to increase rather than to decrease crime.” I’ve just taken a small section from Beccaria’s book where he talks about free will and how punishment could deter people from crime.

    How one’s liberalism was given up, prohibiting human behavior could increase criminal behavior. However classicism is an age theory, Positivism and Classicism are identical in trying to explain the causes of crime but the two differ due to classicism being more of an assumption, a solution even. Even though it was accepted by the government at the time there were still many critics like Cesare Lombroso looking into the biological perspective of crime.

    In his book “The criminal man” he challenges Beccaria and Bentham’s view on free will and rationality. Cesare Lombroso stated that criminality was inherited and could be shown through physical defects. Crime, criminals, and even the law change over time depending on which country you live in. The law will not always be applied with fairness unfortunately which could have an impact on the punishment given. In Enrico Ferri’s statement where he talks about moral conditions. An example: The trolley Dilemma (linked below).

    How does that define that individual rationality? When looking at this example it’s hard to give a clear definition of rationality, it’s challenging to look at it from a classicist perspective when there’s no choice. To conclude Positivism and Classicism have such a huge impact on crime, criminal justice, and criminology. Both theories do explain crime, human behavior, and its causes. Positivism is a modernized approach to explaining crime, and to punishment as well.

    Although I agree with the quote “Punishment should fit the crime” I don’t agree with certain punishments executed. Classicism is a traditional way to explain crime but it was a solution to approach crime and punishment then. The theories do have a difference due to timeline but there is a lot of similarities that both classicist and positivist share. Whilst classicism started as a solution it made a big difference to crime and its punishments. Positivism was developed with science but also contributes to the way we view crime and criminals.

    What are the differences between positivism and classicism Image
    What are the differences between positivism and classicism? Image by Juraj Lenhard from Pixabay.
  • Human Resource Strategy and Planning Essay

    Human Resource Strategy and Planning Essay

    How to create Human Resource Strategy and Planning in a Business Essay? I will question the university and practical sides of the connection also the and concern forward in the retail and hospitality industry, to determent an overall view of the subject. I will magnetism concerning many cases, research, and literature to make attain the best doable knowledge that is valuable for an independent evaluation of this subject. I will tolerate Tesco, Hilton, and Holiday Inn as an example of today’s average but extremely proficiently-to-reach corporations and study the company’s adding together and current human resource strategies and the reasons bearing in mind their strategic decisions.

    Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about how successfully create Human Resource Strategy and Planning in a Business Essay!

    Through the essay, I see into human capital admin, business achievement, model of comparative SHRM, strategy evaluation, HR connections amid missions and goals of the organizations, and added related topics. What is human resource strategy and planning? Strategic human resource running can be defined as the linking of human resources as soon as strategic goals and objectives to add together matter play-skirmish and fabricate organizational culture that fosters evolution, adaptableness, and competitive advantage.

    In running, SHRM means obliging and involving the HR fighting as a strategic accomplice in crime in the formulation and implementation of the company’s strategies through HR activities such as recruiting, selecting, training, and rewarding personnel. Climate Change Essay for Students; My first place of focus is harshly speaking on how to adroitly staff, rule, and organize an effect on human resource comport yourself. First of all by recognizing the portfolio of the corporation at the working, managerial, and strategic levels.

    Then arrange the human resource department to reflect the strategic, managerial, and in force requirements of the handing out. What are the main goals of human resource strategy and planning? The most important structural variations of the corporation moreover stand in the corporation recruiting procedure. Position posting, set aside forecasting, and meeting out go to the fore come taking place once the money for the HR department an inadvertent to bring a play a role of integration to the recruiting procedure and to have power following more the internal work uphill of the corporation’s human resources.

    Significantly, staffing for all levels of perspective and the domestic leisure movement of employees be coordinated bearing in mind the strategic concerns of the matter. The portfolio of the restructure will make a significant input to the press in the future of a matters recruiting strategy if it turns out to be the driving force in the staffing, publicity plans & programs enlarge, and selection. The processing in the middle of the matters recruiting ways and its strategic plans can put in the influences self-starter to make a attain of your hands on used to environmental conditions.

    However, the influence is likely to recruit folks who have the same characteristics as those managers who are presently on the go within it. Little living attention is paid to identifying the characteristics most congruent considering swing organizational configurations. Many businesses including local shops in Edinburgh owned by the Asian community have faced the challenge of developing greater confidence, solutions finding, initiative, and make miserable-solving capabilities together in the middle of their employees which is a gigantic encumbrance as those convenience stores are the backbone of the economy (Dr. Rita Welsh).

    Businesses compulsion employees at all levels to be more resourceful, independent, creative, and self-plenty. These behaviors offer employees to pretense at an at the forefront-thinking strategic level, which makes businesses more competitive and productive. What are the steps in human resource strategy and planning? People’s efforts generate greater results. It’s what all matters attempt to achieve. Although conventional skills training provides employees as soon as auxiliary methods and techniques, it will not construct their belief, parenthood, or courage, which is vital for the fee of strategic and managerial capabilities so HR departments often make a get sticking to presentations and workshops a pro-pos speaking the above-mentioned topics.

    As I said earlier companies attempt to train their staff to be more self-ample hence less doling out would be required, in accessory terms empower them. What are the Human Resource Policies and Procedures? Employee empowerment is a drying used to impression how employees without managerial positions can make independent decisions without the habit of sworn assertion from a boss/manager. These independent decisions can be large or little depending on the level of realization as well as which the meting out wants to invest the believer of staff.

    Personnel empowerment can begin considering training as I have mentioned above and converting an amassed matter into an empowerment model. On the toting occurring hand, it may consequently plan giving staff members the realization to make a few decisions just very approximately their own. When people atmosphere they have options and are allowed to make lecture decisions, and this does frequently undertaking the way to an augmented feeling of self-worth. In a representation where execution is directly attached to the desirability of self, having some expertise is a priceless issue.

    A staff promoter who does not atmosphere at all times criticized and watched is more likely to regard as creature their workplace as a determined setting, rather than a negative one. The behavioral research, carried out by life at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University, recognizes the aspects that are most attainable to undertaking 21st-century staff ably creature, productivity, and loyalty. The epoch-lucky that allegiance is mainly influenced by one’s desirability of mean, general trust in the concern, and feeling of individual impact.

    Productivity is largely affected by the air of human relationships including cooperation, social organization moods, and relationships. The results of the research guide me to conclude that workplaces that pay for flattering environments that sustain interpersonal trust and feel personal relationships create the most operating and productive employees. Productivity is mostly affected by the setting of human dealings including cooperation, social bureau moods, and relationships.

    The results of the research lead me to conclude that workplaces that meet the expense of sure environments where past occurring interpersonal trust and air personal dealings generate the most loyal and productive employees. So if an employee who does not feel at all times watched and criticized is more likely to deem his or her work as a contract atmosphere, hence, he/she atmosphere more operational to the doling out which would late growth productivity and in conclusion scrape cost for the dealing out.

    Last year I have worked as an allocation-timer for a deeply dexterously respected five-star hotel called Hilton Caledonian. From week one they required me to be neutral for 75 hours even if I had an accord for 25 hours per week. I could not realize anything practically it as it was every one of sure if I realize not connected to my schedule I am simple to locate another job.

    By the subside of the 3rd month furthermore when my training finished I had ample hence I left the Hilton group for their nonappearance of adaptableness. Flexibility is vital for both the employer and the employee; flexibility of employee skills, employee behaviors, and HR practices represent indispensable sub-dimensions of HR flexibility and are related to detached conclusive conduct yourself. Results based harshly on the subject of the perceptual trial of HR adaptableness and accounting events of unbending stroke verify this prediction.

    Whereas facility, behavior, and HR practice malleability are significantly associated once an index of a firm’s financial performance, many experts locate that unaided realization of malleability contributes to cost-efficiency. Hilton has recruited me because they were looking for people who go the totaling mile, people who are athletic but they never gave me anything in compensation, therefore, I left however as my worth has increased for that defense of the training they gave me they lost money.

    Several writers have argued that strategic HRM and human capital admin (HCM) are the same things, and indeed the concept of strategic HRM matches that of the broader definition of HCM quite dexterously as the in the manner of definition of the main features of strategic HRM by Dyer and Holder shows that strategies influence decisions roughly key goals, major policies and the portion of resources they tend to be formulated at the depth.

    Strategies are issue-driven and focus on organizational effectiveness; hence in this perspective, people are viewed primarily as resources to be managed toward the triumph of strategic issue goals. Strategies by their intense nature present unifying frameworks which are at considering expansive, contingency-based, and integrative. They incorporate a full adviser of HR goals and activities expected specifically to fit extant environments and to be mutually reinforcing or synergistic.

    This campaigning has been based on the fact that both HRM in its proper sense and HCM in flames upon the assumption that people are treated as assets rather than costs and both focus on the importance of adopting an integrated and strategic right to use to managing people which is the matter of all the stakeholders in a doling out not just the people admin act. However, the concept of human capital government complements and strengthens the concept of strategic HRM rather than replaces it.

    Hence both HCM and HRM can be regarded as vital components in the process of people slope of view and both form the basis for achieving human capital advantage through a resource-based strategy. Business or corporate strategy for help firms in sectors such as hospitality, tourism retail, etc. has to pronounce you will a range of varying stakeholders interests and conciliate these within a strategy framework enough to them every single one. SHRM has had a share to be alert the consolidation of staff within the pattern ascertained by the most cogent internal stakeholders and senior managers.

    SHRM thus shares the wider reticulation of corporate administration and touch strategy. The goal to fulfill outdoor stakeholders and the people-intensive natural world of assist sector environments leads to aggravating people supervision both operationally and beneficially. Customer assist and related concepts of in the part apart from afield along companies have led hospitality and retail businesses to a more conceptual discernment of people dealing out.

    In the long term, it remains to be seen whether the strategic supervision of human resources has been more regulated by soft HRM (focusing upon the supervisor of culture, employee attitudes, and empowerment) and hard HRM (focusing upon measurable outcomes). Mayfair London lies at the heart of the British Tourism Hospitality Industry and Bass charity is a leading hospitality chain Johnson (1999) observes that senior managers at Holiday inns undertook a training project that encompassed spending hasty periods at operative levels.

    This exercise led to an actualization that if the stomach-pedigree staff did not have unlimited authority and autonomy to resolve non-routine problems as they arose, their customer’s recommendation of atmosphere and ministering would be intensely impaired. It is important to have agreement on the linking together of senior executives, front pedigree staff, and empowerment of staff to declare you will answerability for customer care satisfaction, and setting paperwork issues.

    All these points to the central them in SRHM. The handing out subsequently commenced training initiatives to equip workers to take subsidiary responsibility for feel and problem-solving as competently as enforcing fresh recruitment strategies, such as auditions for food and drink staff to distinguish candidates gone the right attitudes. The right attitudes reference that the government is looking for staff as soon as culturally specified social skills-eg attribute that are often arduous to appraise.

    These soft or tacit skills, abilities to kill intricate connection roles and functions even if at the amalgamated era, executing rarefied (or hard) tasks. The distinction surrounded by tacit soft skills and explicit perplexing hard task-oriented- skills lies at the heart of our exposure to the feel of SHRM. Managers as well as venerated that the effectiveness of the optional accessory strategies would reckon upon a genuine dedication to the interests and welfare of employees.

    The hotel gained Investors in People’s allergic reactions in 1995. This is an excellent example to behave how anything is associated together. I have talked very approximately empowerment, flexibility, loyalty, training, customer encouragement, and many more as this example states every portion of a single place of human resource government is affecting every one issue press on just as much as one area affects the addendum one.

    Conclusion:

    It is useful for every pension of organizations to run their people within a planned and coherent framework which reflects the effect on strategy. They can ensure that the various aspects of people giving out are mutually reinforcing in developing the law and behaviors vital to tolerate business take simulation. There is not a single HRM strategy that will tackle liveliness in every portion of the situation. Organizations dependence to define a strategy that is unique to their issue in terms of context, goals, and the demands of organizational stakeholders.

    Human Resource Strategy and Planning in Business Essay Image
    Human Resource Strategy and Planning in Business Essay; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • Definition and Meaning of Juristic Personality

    Definition and Meaning of Juristic Personality

    What is the Juristic Personality Definition and Meaning? The term juristic people, also used as persona Ficta or Personne morale are the terms most generally employed to designate the organization through which corporate action is effected. Those which exist to administer governmental powers are known as public corporations. Those which are conducted to enrich private individuals are known as private corporations. For the present inquiry, the distinction is not important, our problem is to determine the nature of the person, being, or group, through which the will of the collection of members of the corporation finds expression.

    Here are the articles to answer, What are the doubts about the Definition and Meaning of Juristic Personality?

    Personality is considered, therefore, an attribute not only of men but of groups of men, acting as a unit for the attainment of a common end. This person, which is not a human being, is called technically, a juristic person to distinguish it from the physical personality of mankind. The collective will of a group of men so acting and holding property when recognized as a subject of law, or as having legal subjectivity, or more plainly, when recognized as capable of holding definite legal rights, is no more fiction than is the personality of any human being.

    This juristic person or the collective will of the group is endowed with definite legal capacity. It is capable of exercising rights, capable of committing wrongs; the former, it may vindicate; the latter it must pay for. This most important feature of the juristic or corporate personality is known in legal terms as the ‘body corporate’, and in the Indian Companies Act, 1956 we see that this term has been defined in Section 2(7) where it has been specified what can be included under the term ‘body corporate’. What exactly is the body corporate we will see later in this paper.

    Research Process;

    Now that we have a more or less fair idea about the basic conception of a ‘juristic person’, it is safe to say that the exploration of the legal properties of a juristic person would be the chief aim of this paper. Here the researcher would like to state the methodology adopted for writing this paper. The concept of body corporate is fairly well-dealt within most books on Company Law, and especially so in Ramaiya’s ‘Guide to the Companies Act’. Apart from this, the researcher consulted a few more textbooks on the matter.

    Individual articles published in various law journals and available on a few legal databases namely Hein Online and Westlaw have been useful, as these articles not only deal with the definitional aspect but also the new horizons it opens up, namely the level of criminal charges that can be put up against a company as compared to a natural person. The Companies Act, 1956, and the decisions of the cases referred have been used as primary sources.

    Examination Questions;

    • What are the chief features of a corporate or juristic personality and how do they stand out in contrast to those of a natural person?
    • How have these features been interpreted and modified by the landmark decisions of the judiciary both in India and abroad?
    • How can the juristic person be made liable in tort or crime and how is it different from liability incurred by a natural person?

    Body Corporate-Aiming Towards A Definition;

    As mentioned earlier, the core of the corporate or juristic personality is the body corporate. But what exactly is it? It is very difficult to find an exact definition for body corporate as there is controversy entangled with the very term, with differences of opinion existing on whether it has a real personality or is its juristic personality a mere legal fiction. What are the Types of Business structures in Business Law?

    Broadly speaking, in the Indian context the term while not including any of the bodies expressly excluded by Sec. 2(7) of the Companies Act, 1956, may include an aggregate of persons who have been or is incorporated under some statute of this or any foreign country and which exists as a legal entity distinct from the members constituting it and having perpetual succession and a common seal. We will delve deeper into the concept of perpetual succession but let us pursue the definition for now.

    In Halsbury’s Laws of England, we find it defined as, a collection of individuals into one body under a special denomination, having perpetual succession under an artificial form, and vested by the policy of the law with the capacity of acting in several aspects as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common and of exercising a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its constitution or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation or any subsequent period of its existence.

    Thus all these properties of a body corporate mentioned in this definition are the chief features that a body with a juristic personality possesses, and these properties define such a body. The members of a corporate body need not necessarily or only be individuals. Other bodies corporate may be members. The essential characteristic of a corporation is that it has a distinct legal personality and existence, which we call for this paper the juristic personality, as distinguished from its members, whoever they may be.

    All these features of corporate personality in the above definition are recognized by Sec. 34(2) of the Companies Act. In this context, it can be mentioned that the Supreme Court of India in State Trading Corporation of India v. CTO has elaborately discussed the nature of a corporation and held that it cannot have the status of a citizen under the Constitution of India. What is the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881?

    Salomon v. Salomon and Company-the judiciary interprets the company as having a separate legal personality;

    Salomon v. Salomon and Co. is a very important case in the context of understanding what can constitute a corporation or corporate personality. Salomon was a boot and shoe manufacturer in England who took over his own business by establishing a company namely Salomon & Salomon. There were seven subscribers to the memorandum of the company, including himself and his family members. Two of his sons and himself were on the Board of Directors. The business was transferred to this company with Salomon taking the majority of the shares and debentures. A charge was created on the company assets for the debentures held by Salomon.

    Within a year the company went into liquidation with some assets, debentures, and unsecured creditors. The liquidation of the company’s assets could not provide the amount that was required to meet the different debts. Since there was a charge on the company’s assets to the debentures held by Salomon the amount realized on assets was paid to Salomon. Nothing was left to the unsecured creditors to be paid who being aggrieved by this brought up litigation before the court of law.

    They contended that the company was created by the family members of Salomon with the sole purpose to take over the existing business and defrauding the creditors It was contended that since Salomon had the vast control over the affairs of the company is the managing director, and with other directors being his sons the company was never in existence. Rather it was solely his business and the company was a defrauding organization.

    The Court after much deliberation opined that a company is at law a different person altogether from the subscribers of the memorandum and its members, thus laying the seeds for the firm conception of juristic personality. When a memorandum is signed and duly registered the subscribers are a body corporate irrespective of their status and influence on the company, which again we have seen mentioned in the definitions referred to earlier in this paper. Salomon and Company was not a myth or fiction; rather it was a real company fulfilling all the legal requirements according to the Court.

    No provision in the existing law precluded the members from being related to each other. While the Court accepted the contention that the other six members were mere puppets in the hands of Salomon, it also observed that such a practice, while it might result in certain undesirable outcomes, was in no manner whatsoever violating any existing statutory provision.

    The contention that the company was defrauded into the purchase of Salomon’s business, was also rejected on the ground that the decision was taken in a meeting of the Directors of the company and the fact that such Directors, being the nominees of Salomon, must have been influenced by him, did in no way detract the legality and propriety of the transaction.

    The company is at law a different person altogether from the subscribers to the Memorandum and, although it may be that after incorporation the business is precisely the same as it was before, and the same persons are managers, and the same hands receive the profits, the company is not in law the agent of the subscribers or trustee for them. Nor can subscribers as members be made liable.

    The Salomon decision to this day remains a landmark one for defining the personality of a company and has influenced many subsequent decisions made on the subject. Now we focus on a couple of important Indian decisions on corporate personality.

    Separate Legal Personality Of The Company As Interpreted By The Judiciary In India;

    The courts in India while determining the characteristic of corporate personality have been influenced by the Salomon decision and we see it reflected in a couple of very important decisions, the first one being Kandoli Tea Company Limited, Re. In this case, a tea estate was taken over by the persons running the estate by the establishment of a company.

    The affected persons initiated court proceedings by contending that it is the owners of the estate who themselves are party to the company and the subsequent takeover, therefore it is a transfer of property among themselves under another name and thus it is a case of fraud. The Calcutta High Court opined that a company once formed is a separate entity from its members and the status of the members before and after its formation does not matter.

    The transfer is valid as if the members of the company had been different persons altogether. According to S. 34(2) of the Companies Act, 1956 the incorporation transforms a company into a body corporate capable of functioning as an institutionalized entity. Thus the independent corporate personality of a company makes it the owner of its assets and the bearer of its liabilities. This is the very essence of the juristic personality of a company.

    This line of reasoning was followed in the important case of Praga Tools Corporation v. C.V. Manual. The Supreme Court further added in this case that even if the affairs of the company are controlled by one person that company is a legal entity and it is irrelevant if the directors or members belong to the same family. Unlike a partnership, the members in a company have a liability restricted to the nominal value of the shares owned by them or the sum guaranteed by them.

    There is nothing in the Companies Act that prohibits such one-man companies and the great majority of them are bona fide. The law recognizes the existence of the companies irrespective of the motives, intentions, schemes, or conduct of the individual shareholders and members. In Pattinson v. Bindhya Debi, it was further stressed that two companies that are incorporated with the same set of shareholders are nevertheless distinct and separate entities.

    A Few Other Important Features Of Juristic Personality – Perpetual Succession;

    Section 34 lays stress upon the fact that the body corporate which emerges from registration shall have perpetual succession. The element of perpetual succession prevents the dislocation of a company and the death or bankruptcy of any of its members. If a partner of a partnership firm dies or becomes bankrupt, the firm is dissolved, and if the surviving or continuing partners go on with the business, they in law constitute a new firm.

    But in the case of a company, the death or bankruptcy of a member does not have any such effect, for the company is a separate juristic person and it continues to exist as one until it is not only wound up but dissolved in the manner specified in the Companies Act. This point was well illustrated in the Australian case of Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty. Ltd. In this case, a man and his wives were sole shareholders and directors of two companies.

    They both died in a road accident. Their deaths however were held not to cause the termination of the companies’ legal existence. The companies continued as owners of property and parties to uncompleted contracts. The personal representatives of the deceased shareholders were allowed by the court to appoint new directors of the companies to realize their property for the benefit of the deceased’s estates.

    The advantage of incorporation is that the company never dies. It has perpetual succession and remains in existence however often its members change until it has dissolved by liquidation. In Gopalpur Tea Co. Ltd. v. Peshok Tea Co. Ltd., it was held that the company has an identity and existence independent of the estate and undertakings owned by it, and so even if the estate is taken over by the Government, that does not constitute a taking over of the management of the company.

    Dealing Capacity Of The Company As Distinct From Its Shareholders;

    By its separate existence, it is legally empowered to execute dealings in its capacity. The company can deal, acquire or dispose of the property in its name and under a common seal. Assets and properties of the company are not of the shareholders but of the company itself. Along similar lines, it can execute legal proceedings in its legal capacity being recognized as a separate legal person, albeit a juristic one. There is nothing in the Indian law to warrant the assumption that a shareholder who buys shares buys any interest in the property of the company which is a juristic person entirely distinct from its shareholders.

    According to the Court in Bacha F. Guzdar v. CIT, the true position of a shareholder is that on buying shares he becomes entitled to participate in the profits of the company in which he holds shares, if and when the company declares, subject to Article of Association, that the profits or any portion thereof should be distributed by way of dividends among shareholders. Otherwise, he cannot participate in the profits of a company.

    Further, no shareholder can lay any claim to the rights vested in the company or be bound by any obligations, duties, or liabilities unless it can be shown that he was using the company as his agent. This was laid down in J.H. Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd. V. Dept. of Trade and Industry. In Daimler Co. Ltd. v. Continental Tyre & Rubber Co. (Great Britain) Ltd., it was emphasized by Lord Parker that the fact the members exert some manner of influence over the affairs of the company or they are the ultimate beneficiaries of the companies’ activity is not sufficient in itself to constitute the company as an agent of its members.

    Liability In Tort And Crime;

    ‘A company can be guilty of acting with intent to deceive and making a statement which it knows to be false or be indicted for conspiracy to defraud. It can also be guilty of and be fixed for contempt of Court. Notwithstanding its impersonal nature, it may sue for an injury done to its reputation in the way of its business by a libel, slander, or by the imputation of insolvency, and may be sued for malicious prosecution, maintenance, infringement of copyright, molesting a person in the exercise of his calling or negligence, and may be guilty of malicious libel’.

    A company cannot personally commit any tort or crime. It cannot even authorize any tort or crime because its authority always remains circumscribed by the objects clause of its memorandum and that clause cannot contain anything unlawful. Questions have, therefore often arisen as to the extent to which a company can be held liable for any tort or crime committed by those working for it.

    In criminal law, though there has been a necessary preoccupation with a fundamental dividing line that recognizes that certain acts, which only a natural person can perform, lie beyond a company’s vicarious liability. In Richmond London Borough Council v. Pin and Wheeler Ltd., a statutory order stated that ‘no person shall drive or cause or permit to be driven’ a prescribed vehicle, the Divisional Court Quashed a company’s conviction on the basis that the act of driving the goods vehicle in question is a physical activity which can be performed only by natural persons and not a company.

    The statutory offense of ‘permitting’ cannot be committed vicariously by a company although direct liability may well accrue on the basis that the act and the men’s rea of a directing mind and will of the company can be identified as that of the company, as laid down in Manga Plant Ltd. v. Mitchell. Accordingly, caution is required in choosing an appropriate offense with which a company may be charged where vicarious liability appears to be the foundation of the case.

    However, the constitutionality of the application of the principle of faultless liability in the corporate context must be decided on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the reasonableness of applying this doctrine in light of the objectives sought to be achieved by the statute. Even if the objectives are found to be of sufficient importance, a less restrictive means of limitation would, in the author’s view, be required where the offense carries a stigma and a severe penalty is prescribed.

    Conclusion;

    The concept of corporate personality has been subjected to acute and searching analysis by jurists during the last century. The debate on whether a group or association of human beings has a ‘fictitious’ or ‘real’ personality has attracted protagonists on both sides, each pressing its view with vigor. The crucial question that this discussion has thrown up is: to what extent has the law given recognition to such groups?

    Pursuing this discussion we find that the law has ascribed a personality to these groups, one that is exclusive to the group and distinct from each of the members of this group. This personality is called juristic personality or corporate personality and it can be traced to the common law principles or even is S. 34 (2) of the Companies Act, 1956 when viewed in the Indian context.

    The originally pragmatic device of legal technique to refer to the corporation or the juristic person by way of calling it a fictitious person or persona Ficta had become obsolete and began to create confusion in certain fields of law, especially in American constitutional law and in international law, rather than to promote the sound legal development. Correctly understood, ‘Persona Ficta’ or ‘juristic person’ can nowadays hardly be anything else than a synonym for ‘corporate person’, and keeping that in mind has the author dealt with the concept of juristic personality in this article.

    Definition and Meaning of Juristic Personality Image
    Definition and Meaning of Juristic Personality;