Doubt

Author: Nageshwar Das

  • Explain the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881

    Explain the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881

    What is the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881? Negotiable instruments are seen to have great significance in the modern business world. It has to be noted that these instruments have gained significant prominence as the principal instruments for paying and discharging business obligations. So what essentially is a negotiable instrument? A negotiable instrument is any transferable document that satisfies certain conditions. These instruments pass freely from hand to hand and thus form an integral form part this modern business instruments.

    Here are the articles to answer, What are the doubts about Define and Explain the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881?

    It also has to be noted that in our country, the law relating to negotiable instruments, is governed by the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. How to define the Consideration in Contract Law? This Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 does not in specific define what a negotiable instrument is, it merely states that a negotiable instrument means “a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable either to the bearer”.

    Section 13 of the Act, does not indicate the characteristics of a negotiable instrument but only states that three instruments-cheque, a bill of exchange, and a promissory note, are negotiable instruments act 1881. Thus these three instruments are therefore negotiable instruments as per the statute. But it has to be noted that S.13, does not prohibit any other instrument which satisfies the essential features of negotiability, to be treated as a negotiable instrument.

    Thomas defines the negotiable instrument as an instrument is negotiable which it is, by a legally recognized custom of trade or law, transferable by delivery or by endorsement and delivery, without notice to the party liable, in such a way that a. a holder of it may for the time being may sue upon it in his name. The property in it passes on to a bonafide transferee for value-free from any defect in the title of the person from whom he obtained it. What is the objective of the Minimum Wages Act?

    A negotiable instrument is a transferable document either by the application of the law or by the custom of the trade concerned.

    Thus it has to be noted that a negotiable instrument, firstly is easily transferable from person to person and the ownership of the property may be passed on by mere delivery. Secondly, a negotiable instrument confers absolute faith and good title on a transferee, provided that he takes it in good faith for value and without notice of the fact that the transferor had defective title thereto.

    It is seen that the negotiable instruments can be essentially classified into two major types of Negotiable instruments by statute: The three instruments, cheque, bill of exchange, and promissory notes are negotiable instruments by statute

    Negotiable instruments by custom or usage: Some instruments have acquired the character of negotiability by custom or usage of trade. Section 137 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, also recognized that an instrument might be negotiable by law or custom. Therefore we have cases of promissory notes, delivery orders, and hundreds being held as negotiable instruments act 1881.

    Liabilities of Parties;

    The main aim of this project would essentially be to look into the liability of parties to a Negotiable Instruments act 1881. But before moving on to the liabilities, a brief on the parties and their capacity to capacity parties to contract is required. The parties to a negotiable instrument, namely, the maker, drawer, drawee, and the payee, enter into a contract among themselves.

    It is therefore very essential that they should have the capacity to enter into valid contracts. Section 26 of the Negotiable Instrument Act, states that

    “Every person capable of contracting, according to the law to which he is subject, may bind himself and be bound by the making, drawing, acceptance, endorsement, delivery, and negotiations of a promissory note, bill of exchange, or a cheque”.

    S.11 of the Indian Contract Act, states the requirements of parties to contract. Thus as per this section, any person who is of a sound mind, above the age of majority, and not disqualified from entering in to contract by any Act, is competent to enter into a valid contract.

    Liability of drawer of the bill or a cheque;

    Essentially the liability of the parties to a ‘negotiable instrument’ has its statutory provisions under Sections 30, 32, and 35 of the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881.

    The first section in this aspect to be analyzed would be S.30 of the Act, which provides for the Liability of the drawer of the bill or a cheque.

    The ‘drawer’ of the cheque, essentially, as defined by S.7 of the Act, is “The maker of a bill of exchange or Cheque”

    Thus Section 30 of the Act, goes on to define the liability of the drawer of a bill or cheque

    “The drawer of a bill of exchange or cheque is bound in case of dishonor by the drawee or acceptor thereof, to compensate the holder, provided due notice of dishonor has been given to or received by, the drawer as hereinafter provided”

    The critical thing to be noted here is that the liability of the drawer here arises only in case of dishonor of the cheque or a bill of exchange and nothing before it. A bill of exchange is seen as dishonored by non-acceptance or by non-payment, but on the other hand, a cheque is dishonored by non-payment only.

    As soon as this bill or exchange or a cheque has been dishonored by non-acceptance by the drawee, it is seen that the holder of the has the right to recourse against the drawer. The drawee, as per Section 7 of the Act, is “the person directed to pay”

    It also has to be noted that the drawer, becomes liable only when the drawee has dishonored the bill of exchange or the cheque.

    But unlike the bill of exchange, it has to be noted that in case of dishonor of a cheque, the drawer remains liable thereto, even if the cheque is not presented by the holder to the drawer bank. This was held by the Supreme Court, in Harish Chander v. M/s. Ganga Singh and Sons and others. Here again, the relevance of Sections 72 and 84, were looked into. These sections essentially deal with the discharge of the liability of the drawer, in case he suffers damage as a result of the presentment of the cheque

    Another aspect that needs to be looked into before the drawer can be held liable, is the fact that ‘due and sufficient prior notice of dishonor’, has been given.

    But again taking Section 98 into consideration, no notice is required if the provision of this section is being taken into consideration. It has to be noted that the service of this notice, may be oral or written or may even be faxed, but it is a must.

    V.V.L.N.Chary and Others v. N.A.Martin and others is another case, which needs to be looked into. The issue here was whether a post-dated cheque for payment of goods is only a promise to pay on a future date or not?. The court, held in the affirmative and stated that it is but a promise.

    It further held that if this promise is broken by the dishonor of the cheque, it will enforce a civil liability only. The liability of proving the dishonest intention of the drawer was put on the shoulders of the holder, as the court stated that only if prior knowledge was present on the part of the drawer that he intended to dishonor the cheque, can he be convicted.

    This case essentially put the drawer in a rather better position, by ensuring that unnecessary accusations and liabilities would not be enforced on him.

    So then would a drawer ever be criminally liable?. The answer to this came later on in the Banking, Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act 1988, which was further modified by the Negotiable Instruments (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002 As per this act, the dishonor of cheques due to the insufficiency of funds, was deemed to be an offense for which the drawer could be punished with imprisonment for a term up to a year or with a fine up to twice the amount of the cheque or with both. More specifically Sections 138-142, were inserted which deal with these offenses.

    Another section to be noted here is Section 31 of the Act, which deals with the liability of the drawee of the cheque. As per this section, “The drawee of a cheque having sufficient funds of the drawer in his hands properly applicable to the payment of such cheque must pay the cheque when duly required so to do, and, in default of such payment, must compensate the drawer for any loss or damage caused by such default”.

    Section 32 of the Act, deals with the liability of the maker of the note and the acceptor of the bill. As per this section, “In the absence of a contract to the contrary, the maker of a promissory note and the acceptor before the maturity of a bill of exchange are bound to pay the amount thereof at maturity according to the apparent tenor of the note or acceptance respectively, and the acceptor of a bill of exchange at or after maturity is bound to pay the amount thereof to the holder on demand.

    In default of such payment as aforesaid, such maker or acceptor is bound to compensate any party to the note or bill for any loss or damage sustained by him and caused by such default”.

    Here, it has to be noted that the maker of a promissory note and the acceptor of a bill of exchange are the principal debtors and their liability on the instrument, is absolute and unconditional. The first part of this section deals with the liability of the maker of a note and the second part with the consequences of default.

    The crux of this section can be summed up as. This section essentially puts the maker of the note and the acceptor of the bill on the same footing. It makes both liable as principal debtors. Besides this, it can be seen that a bill may be accepted before maturity or at or after maturity. An acceptor of the bill, it is seen before maturity is bound to pay the amount at maturity and an acceptor at or after maturity shall have to pay the amount to the holder on demand.

    It is however not that there is o difference between the liability of the maker of the note and the acceptor of the bill. The maker of the note, it is seen is bound to pay the amount according to the apparent tenor of the note. That he, as he makes it himself, he cannot change its terms and shall have to abide by the tenor of the note.

    But on the other hand, it is seen that the acceptor of the bill, is liable to pay the amount according to the apparent tenor of his acceptance. That is to say, if the acceptor accepts the bill, he is required to honor the bill as per his qualified acceptance and not according to the tenor of the bill.

    This cane very simply is illustrated by the following example. If A, draws a bill of Rs.10,00 on B, to be paid after a year, and B, gives his acceptance to pay the amount after 18 months, B is liable to pay after 18 months and not a year.

    It has to be noted that in case of a promissory note signed by two or more promisors and the consideration has been received by only one of them, irrespective of any reason, all the promisors shall be equally liable for the amount of the promissory note.

    It also has to be noted that Sections 78, 41 42, and 88 of the Act, also deal with the liability of the maker of the note and the acceptor of a bill

    Liability of the endorser;

    This is provided for under Section 35 of the Act, which states that

    “In the absence of a contract to the contrary, whoever endorses and delivers a negotiable instrument before maturity, without in such endorsement, expressly excluding or making conditional his liability, is bound thereby to every subsequent holder, in case of dishonor by the drawee, acceptor or maker, to compensate such holder for any loss or damage caused to him by such dishonor, provided due notice of dishonor has been given to or received by, such endorser as hereinafter provided. Every endorser after dishonor is liable as upon an instrument payable on demand.”

    Before moving on further, it is pertinent to study Section 15 of the Act in relevance to the term ‘endorsement’ and define an ‘endorser’. As per Section 15 of the Act, which defines endorsement,

    “When the maker or holder of a negotiable instrument signs the same, otherwise than as such maker, for negotiation, one the back or face thereof or on a slip of paper annexed thereto, or so signs for the same purpose a stamped paper intended to be completed as a negotiable instrument, he is said to endorse the same and is called the endorser.”

    It is seen that to invoke Section 35, firstly and most importantly, there has to be an endorsement of an instrument, which has to be delivered to the endorsee. It has to be noted that if either of these acts does not occur, the liability of the endorser does not arise.

    Secondly, this section again puts the endorser of the cheque on the same footing as the drawer of a bill/cheque or maker of a note. In the sense that it confers upon him the same levels of liability.

    This concept of endorsement is based on the belief that the bill, cheque, or note, will be duly accepted or honored by the drawee or the maker. On the failure of this event happening, the liability of the endorser occurs. So essentially, it is seen that the role of the endorser is pretty much equivalent to that of a surety, who undertakes the performance by the acceptor of the bill.

    It is seen that immediately on the dishonor of an instrument, the older of the instrument, gets an inherent right to sue the endorser at once, which can in no way be challenged. The holder stands in a rather advantageous position as he is in a better position to sue either party, the drawer for non-compliance or the endorser for failure to ensure compliance on the part of the drawer

    Then again it has to be noted that the liability of an endorser arises only when there is an absence of a contract to the contrary. As mentioned in the section itself, the endorser may save himself from liability by either excluding his liability thereon by endorsing sans recourse or by making his liability conditional. If these acts have been adhered to, the endorser would save himself the trouble of being liable.

    An aspect that needs to be looked into is when the endorser’s liability is discharged?. To answer this, Section 36 of the Act which deals with the liability of prior parties to the holder in due course, needs to be looked into first. This Section states that “Every prior party to a negotiable instrument is liable thereon to a holder in due course until the instrument is duly satisfied.”

    Section 40 of the act also needs to be looked into, which states that “Where the holder of a negotiable instrument, without the consent of the endorser, destroys or impairs the endorser’s remedy against a prior party, the endorser is discharged from liability to the holder to the same extent as if the instrument had been paid at maturity.”

    Conclusion;

    Negotiable Instruments Act 1881; The essence of these liabilities being imposed upon the parties is nothing by an act to being upon a greater sense of responsibilities on the part of the parties. The Sections provided here, are rather comprehensive and cover a relatively broad range of parties to a negotiable instrument, and also impose penal sanctions on them, if they turn into offenders. Although before the various amendments, there was no criminal liability imposed on parties, the amendment of 2002, imposed a greater sense of responsibility as it brought upon more stringent measures to counter the offending parties.

    Explain the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 Image
    Explain the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay

    Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay

    What are the Similarities and Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay? Believing in gods and worshipping them have been prevailing in societies back era immemorial. These beliefs and worshipping rituals and methods modify from place to place. People engage in several dynamic trials, prayers, and even sacrifices to satisfy gods.

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    From ancient times different societies have worshiped gods, believing in their power and being afraid of their fury. People have prayed and made sacrifices to achieve the gods’ mercy and generosity. What are the Similarities and Differences Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay? They believed that, if the goods are in good mood, they will provide people with good weather conditions for growing crops. Moreover, people needed explanations for different natural phenomena, such as rain, drought, lightning, thunder, and earthquake.

    So, ancient people believed that these natural phenomena are caused by the gods. A good example of such societies could be ancient Greeks and Romans. Ancient Greeks and Romans existed in the middle ages. This essay will describe the main gods and goddesses of ancient Greek and Roman societies. It will also look at the main similarities and differences between the gods and goddesses of these societies.

    What are Greek Gods?

    A buildup of myths revealed by the ancient Greeks is embodied in Greek mythology. These tales unite considering the heritage of Greek culture, birds, activities of gods, and pleasing people, and their contributions, traditions, and rituals. Initially, the myths were propagated in an oral poetic circulate in the 18th century BC by Minoan and Mycenaean singers. The Iliad, Homer’s epic poems, and the Odyssey are the contents of the oral tradition.

    There are moreover some myths securely kept in parts of epic poems of the Epic Cycle, Homeric Hymns, lyrical poems, etc. The images of the deities were considered in many fields and purposes by the Greeks. Coins were printed as soon as divine images, and drinking cups and substitute pots had Greek myths carved on the subject of them. The temple was a flaming for the gods and goddesses.

    Some of the major deities listed in Greek mythology adjoin Aphrodite; the goddess of beauty and throbbing, Apollo; the god of music and arts, Ares; the god of courage, Athena; the goddess of pleasurable judgment, and the list goes going around for the. The Greeks have extreme beliefs linked gone their deities. They are quite dependent on them. In Homers Iliad, there are some parts that sort of explored the daily cartoon of the Greek gods, what they were made of, and how they led energy in the human world. It furthermore reveals the human’s intimates bearing in mind the gods and how those are cherished.

    What are Roman Gods?

    Roman mythology is the organ of cultural and informative tales by the ancient Romans. The religious system of Rome dealt mainly as soon with the literature and arts of the Romans. The Roman myths have some elements that are supernatural yet they are often treated as historical. Greek religion had an in the future moved upon Roman myths. The Roman authors, in a habit, reinterpreted the stories just nearly Greek gods by just changing their names and naming them after planets.

    Moreover, the Roman religion has a relationship when the Etruscan religion too. For the Romans, expertly-liked traditions and rituals were the primary business, unlike the Greeks. Their books and commentaries comprised religious cultures, rules, traditions, prayers, and worship events. The gods were a strong fable of knack and represented the need for daily energy. The Roman gods are the same as their Greek counterparts just have sure names.

    Some of the main deities in Roman mythology be touching Venus; the goddess of exaltation, Mars; the god of the skirmish, Neptune; the god of the sea, and hence upon. The gods are the epitome of military facility and courage and for that excuse, are dressed in military clothes as a sign of it. On a fascinating note, the Roman gods were revealed and listed through the real-moving picture observations made by the Romans. Also, their rituals and events, of them were based upon the learnings of the world.

    Investigation;

    To begin with, there are a lot of similarities between Greek and Roman gods, because roman religion was based on Greek religion. Greek mythology was founded about a millennium before the Roman. Romans founded their religion based on the Greek religion. So, Greek and Roman religions are similar, because both of them are polytheistic religions. ‘Polytheism is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. There were more than thirty gods in each of these cultures.

    Furthermore, Greeks and Romans had almost the same gods, despite differences in their names. As an example, both cultures had the god of the sea, the goddess of love, the god of war, the god of wine, and the goddess of wisdom. Importantly, there was a chief god, who was the king of all gods, in both Greek and Roman societies. In Greek mythology, the king of gods is known as Zeus, whereas Romans call the king of gods Jupiter. There is also a queen of gods in Greek and Roman mythologies. Greeks call the queen Hera, whereas Romans’ queen of gods is Juno.

    Finally, both ancient societies have twelve main gods and goddesses. In Greek mythology, they are known as the Twelve Olympians. They are Zeus, Poseidon, Aid, Ares, Apollo, Hermes, Hephaestus, Hera, Athena, Aphrodite, Artemis, and Dionysus. Greeks call these twelve main gods and goddesses as follows: Jupiter, Neptune, Pluton, Mars, Feb, Mercury, Volcano, Juno, Minerva, Venus, Diana, and Bacchus. They are the same gods and goddesses with the same powers, but with different names.

    Even though the Roman religion is based on the Greek religion, there are several differences between the gods of these societies. Romans have not just adopted their religion from the Greeks. They have also changed their religion according to their culture. So, if you read about Rome and Greek gods and goddesses, you will see differences in their names. Romans gave their gods names that are different from the names of Greek gods. Thus, there are only a few Greek and Roman gods and goddesses that have similar names.

    Usually, Roman gods and goddesses have names of planets of the solar system, such as Jupiter, Mercury, Neptune, and Mars. In contrast, Greek gods and goddesses have their names, such as Zeus, Hermes, Ares, and Hera. For example, the goddess of love is Venus in Roman mythology and Aphrodite in Greek mythology. Romans call the god of war Mars, while Greeks called it Ares. The god of the sea is called Neptune in Roman mythology and Poseidon in Greek mythology.

    Furthermore, if you read about Roman and Greek gods, you will notice differences in the characters of gods and goddesses. Gods and goddesses usually have characters similar to people that believe and pray to them, because people think up their gods themselves. Ancient Greeks were polite and creative. ‘They held creativity above physical works in the mortal and mythical world’. Greeks were also interested in poetry. In contrast, Romans were more focused on actions rather than on words. They valued bravery and courage. So, Roman gods and goddesses are more military and aggressive, whereas Greek gods and goddesses are more cultural and polite.

    Finally, when you look at pictures of Greek and Roman gods or goddesses, you will see differences in their clothes and physical appearance. Ancient Greeks highly valued creativity and beauty. So, Greek gods and goddesses were usually given a beautiful and perfect physical appearance. They were dressed in white and light cloth. By contrast, Romans were more focused on warfare and valued bravery. So, Rome gods and goddesses had military clothes. Romans did not pay much attention to the physical appearance of gods and goddesses.

    Main Differences Between Greek Gods and Roman Gods;

    • Greek gods came into existence earlier than the Roman gods.
    • Greek gods have human traits, though Roman gods get a pact of not.
    • Roman gods are the epitome of gift, whereas, Greek gods are the epitome of creativity.
    • Also, Roman gods are named after planets.
    • Roman gods have military clothes, while Greek gods have white and fresh clothes.

    Conclusion;

    In conclusion, by comparing Greek and Roman gods, you can see both similarities and differences between the gods of the two ancient societies. Greek and Roman religions are similar because Roman mythology was founded based on the Greeks. Religions of both ancient societies are polytheistic religions. Moreover, both cultures have almost the same gods with the same powers.

    Finally, there are twelve main gods, known as the Twelve Olympians, in both cultures. However, Greek and Roman gods also differ from each other, because Romans have changed their religion according to their own culture. So, Roman and Greek gods had different names. Furthermore, there is a difference in the characters of Greek and Roman Gods. And finally, the Greek and Roman gods had different physical appearances and wore different clothes. Therefore, Greek and Roman gods have similarities as well as some differences.

    Similarities and Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay Image
    Similarities and Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay; Image by Congerdesign from Pixabay.
  • Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay

    Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay

    Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay; In this essay, we will examine some relevant similarities and differences between two widely known and practiced religions: Islam and Christianity. Although these two religions have easily identifiable similarities and differences, they are both large players in the religious world today with an impressive number of followers.

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    Also, each of these religions had been delivered with basic rules of guidance, although the rules in themselves were different. Islam had, from Mohammad, the Five Pillars, while Christians had been given the Ten Commandments, delivered by Moses. Climate Change Essay for Students; Another aspect of each of these religions that is very similar is that each is a “Book” religion. They each have their book written down by disciples of their respective religions. The Islamic religion has the Koran, and the Christian religion has the Bible.

    Because Islam diverged from Christianity’s beliefs, there are also some notable differences between the two. For example, how each religion is expected to pray. Muslims pray alone and in the congregation. When congregational prayer is executed, there are many rules and strict adherence to which they abide. They must pray this way a certain number of times each day and face in a certain cardinal direction. For Christians, the prayer which is done alone is informal and at one’s discretion, as it is for the Islamic religion. However, congregational prayer for Christians is much less rigorous and strict and can be done in several acceptable ways.

    Muslims are also expected to take a journey, called a pilgrimage, to their Holy Land whereas, this is not expected of Christians. Another notable difference is how money is given to the church. In earlier days, and some cases modern days, Muslim giving was in the form of a tax that was mandated. Christians give in the form of a tithe and are asked to give ten percent of their income. A very large and widely disputed part of these religions is the interpretation of the Bible. Some events that are disputed include which son Abraham sacrificed, the Virgin Birth and nature of Jesus, and the interpretation of monotheism and the Trinity.

    Islam and Christianity are religions based on many similar and different beliefs based on the fact that one was borne of the other. For this reason, we can pick up on several things that ring true in each religion and several things that are completely different between the two of them. Aside from the similarities and differences, each of these religions is still recognized in today’s society even though they are both centuries old.

    Similarities and Differences Between Islam vs Christianity;

    Even though there are many similarities and differences between Islam and Christianity, both religions are significant in today’s society, which is apparent in the grand number of followers each has amassed. Islam and Christianity are in themselves, complete religions with many followers. Islam was born of Christianity in that a large part of Islam’s basic belief structure is based on that of Christianity and some portions of the Bible. Because of this fact, there are several similarities and a comparative number of differences between Islam and Christianity essay the two religions.

    The beginnings of Islam are deeply rooted in Christianity, based on the conviction by the prophet of Islam, Mohammed that Christians had departed from belief in God’s message as revealed in their scriptures. In approximately 610, the first of many revelations came to him and these visions were believed to have been delivered from God by the angel Gabriel. Here we begin to see the similarities between the two religions as Gabriel is also the angel that brings news of Jesus’ birth in Luke 1:26-32, of the Bible.

    The message that Mohammed received was that there was only one God, not many gods as the then present-day Arabs believed. This God was the creator of the world. For Christians the message of a single God was given during the inception of the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20:3 of the Bible, “You shall have no other God before me.” The creation of the world by this singular God is documented in Genesis 1:1. “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.” In the Islamic faith, it is believed that this God would judge mankind, which also rings true in Christianity in Hebrews 10:30, “The Lord will judge his people.”

    For Muslims, followers of the Islamic faith, their single God (known as Allah) was considered just because he would judge every person according to his deeds. In both religions, the result of this judgment day was either heaven or hell. Other differences between Islam and Christianity essay both were the idea of forgiveness. Islam teaches that God is always ready to pardon the individual and restore him to the sinless state in which he started life. In Christianity, this same basic concept of forgiveness is accepted.

    After the death of Mohammed, certain essential principles were singled out from his teachings to serve as anchoring points for the Islamic community. These have come to be called the “five pillars of Islam”. Comparably for Christians, the Ten Commandments are considered daily, divine laws. Also, each of these religions has a “book” that believers follow. For Christians, this is the Bible, which was recorded by prophets and disciples of Jesus including Abraham, Moses, Elijah, and many others.

    The Bible is, for the most part, ordered chronologically and Jesus teaches in parables. Likewise, for Muslims, their book is the Koran, which was a collection of the sayings and deeds of Mohammad, who was believed to be inspired to teach these things by Allah. However, because the Koran was assembled from remembrances of those who had learned it by heart, the chronological order is not used. The passages or suras were arranged from longest to shortest. In the beginning, for both religions, these teachings were passed along orally but were later captured via the written word.

    These books serve as an additional guide for believers and stress the one idea of one God. Despite the many similarities and differences between the islam and christianity essays exist as well. One of these differences is prayer. Islam recognizes two forms of prayer, one being the personal and more informal form of prayer. The other is a ritual prayer which is often congregational with specific words and postures, to be offered five times a day: sunrise, midday, midafternoon, sunset, and before bed. Before Muslims pray ablutions are performed by washing the hands, feet, and face.

    A person called the muezzin calls for prayer and chants from a raised platform or minaret tower at the mosque. This prayer is started with the imam, the prayer leader, standing at the front of the mosque facing Mecca, the holy city of Islam. This is the holy city because it was the death place of Mohammad. Each prayer consists of several units, during which the individual is standing, kneeling, or prostrate. At every change in posture, “God is great” is recited. The chief day of communal worship is Friday and believers gather at the mosque to pray, listen to portions of the Koran, and hear a sermon based on the text.

    The sermon may have moral, social, or political content. Islam has no ordained clergy, but there are men trained specifically in religion, tradition, and law. For Christians, prayer is done alone as well as in a congregation like Islam, but the rigors are far less painstaking. Prayer alone is done at one’s discretion but traditionally is done at night or in the morning. Congregational prayer is usually headed by the preacher, priest, or another prominent member of the church. The congregation is usually seated in pews, but this can be done standing as well.

    Christians have clergy that has been trained in theology and matters of religion and possess a degree from a seminary. The chief days of the gathering are Sundays, and believers pray, sing, listen to sermons, and read from the Bible during their communal gathering. As you can see, this is quite different from the Islamic religion. Another large difference between the two religions is the pilgrimage. For Muslims, the pilgrimage, or hajj, is an annual Muslim rite that every believer is expected to take part in at least once in his lifetime.

    From the seventh to the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar, thousands of Muslims converge in the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia to visit the holy shrine of the Kaaba in the Great Mosque, which tradition says was built by Abraham. The pilgrimage was intended to reenact the hegira, the flight of Mohammad from Mecca to Medina in 622. Christians do not have such a pilgrimage but many do visit the birthplace of Jesus, the city of Jerusalem, and consider it an honor to do so.

    Fasting and the giving of money are two more distinct differences between the two religions. Because the Koran was first revealed to Mohammad in the month of Ramadan, the whole month was set aside as a period of fasting. During each day, from first light to darkness, all eating, drinking, and smoking are forbidden. Upon the end of the fasting period, the second major festival of the Islamic year ensues and lasts several days. In contrast, Christians have the Lenten period, where Jesus was sent to the desert for forty days and forty nights and was tempted by the devil.

    During this time, Christians usually give up something of importance, and although some fasting does happen, it is generally not as long as in the Islamic religion. The end of these forty days is known as Ash Wednesday, which begins the holiest point on the Christian calendar (Good Friday and Easter). Also, the giving of money is somewhat different. For Muslims, the zakat is an obligatory tax, which is contributed to by the state or community. In the modern period, the zakat has become a voluntary charitable contribution.

    For Christians, this is known as a tithe. Believers are expected to contribute ten percent of their salary to the church for God’s purposes. Also, some of the differences between Islam and Christianity are discerned in the holy books of the Bible and the Koran. One such example is the sacrifice of Abraham. This event is interpreted very differently in both religions. Both books acknowledge that Abraham was willing to make a “tremendous sacrifice”. However, the difference between the interpretations lies in the name of Abraham’s son.

    For example, the bible says, “By faith, Abraham, when he was tested, offered up Isaac, and he who had received the promises was ready to offer up his only son”. With this, the Bible affirms that it was indeed Isaac who was offered up as the sacrifice. In Koran, however, Ishmael is the one who is purportedly offered up for sacrifice as Abraham’s only son. Another incident that is disputed between the two religions is the Virgin Birth and the Nature of Jesus. The Koran does support the virgin birth of Christ but does not support the notion that Christ was resurrected.

    The Koran suggests instead that the Virgin Mary gave birth to a prophet, who was free from innate sin because he was a virgin-born. The Bible then supports the notion that the virgin birth existed, and the Virgin Mary gave birth to the son of God, “In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent His only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him”.

    Islam states that Christ is not divine, it rejects this ideal and is seen in the Koran, “The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was no more than Allah’s Apostle and His Word which He cast to Mary; a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah and His apostles and do not say: Three. Allah is but one God”. Jesus in the Bible, however, is believed to be “God manifest in the flesh”. This leads to the Trinity of the Christian faith.

    Islam is monotheistic, stating, “For God hath said, ‘Take not to yourselves two Gods, for He is one God”. Christianity is also monotheistic, but God is made up of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; otherwise known as the “Trinity”. Christianity says, “The Spirit the Lord Him”, which refers to the Holy Spirit, Jesus, and God. Islam does not support this idea and the Koran argues that Christianity supports the notion of polytheism by stating that the Godhead represents three different Gods, not one.

    In conclusion;

    Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay; they are two intricately woven religions that have some basic framework in common, but their beliefs diverge as well. For example, some of the similarities shared between the two are the angel Gabriel as a deliverer of important news, monotheism, God as the creator of the world, and judgment by God after death. Most of the differences seem to stem from Jesus’ role as a savior.

    For example, Muslims do not believe that Jesus was anything more than a prophet and therefore, the Trinity can not exist. Also, there are some deviations in similar stories that are related to each religion, like that of Abraham and his sacrificial son. Despite these differences and similarities, we can agree that Christianity and Islam are both significant players in the world of religion and today’s society.

    Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay Image
    Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay; Image by PIRO4D from Pixabay.
  • Effects of Minimum Wage on Employment in 1700 Words

    Effects of Minimum Wage on Employment in 1700 Words

    Economic effects of minimum wage; Does a binding minimum wage make unemployment? Some unemployed workers would gladly con for a lower wage but cannot investigate a job, and some employers would be glad to employ workers at a deflated wage but the act forbids it. Thus, in a competitive labor sustain, a binding minimum wage reduces employment and creates involuntary unemployment.

    Here are the articles to answer, the Effects of Minimum Wage on Employment in 1700 Words!

    Then, make a obtain of binding minimum wages cause structural unemployment? frictional unemployment. Unemployment that results in the look of there are more people seeking jobs in a labor promotion than there are jobs available at the current wage rate is called: A critical minimum wage is likely to cause: structural unemployment.

    Subsequently, ask is, what is a binding minimum wage? A minimum wage is a price floor implemented by the dealing out, which ensures that an employer must pay a minimum rate of pay to an employee, and all lower than this rate of pay is illegal. A minimum wage is binding if it is set above the equilibrium wage.

    Simply thus, what happens to unemployment in front of minimum wage goes taking place? But according to leading economists including famed billionaire investor Warren Buffettminimum wages can lift unemployment by giving employers less incentive to employ and more incentive to automate and outsource tasks that were in the back performed by low-wage employees. What are the doubts about the Features of Management?

    Introduction – Economic effects of minimum wage;

    A binding minimum wage leads to numerous detrimental effects in a competitive labor market. This essay will highlight what these effects are, and what the outcome of these effects will bring to the labor market.

    A labor market is defined by Parkin as a market where;

    “Employers are on the demand side and workers are on the supply side. Firms decide how much labor to demand, and the lower the wage rate, the greater is the quantity demanded”.

    It is said to be competitive when there is a surplus of workers that are seeking a job, with few employers willing to hire.

    A minimum wage is a price floor implemented by the government, which ensures that an employer must pay a minimum rate of pay to an employee, and anything lower than this rate of pay is illegal. “A minimum wage is binding if it is set above the equilibrium wage”. “With a binding minimum, wage adjustments are blocked and the market is prevented from allocating labor resources”.

    What are the effects of minimum wage more or less speaking employment?

    A large body of evidence although not all of it confirms that minimum wages shorten employment in the company of low-wage, low-power workers. Second, minimum wages complete a bad job of targeting poor and low-allowance families. Minimum wage laws mandate high wages for low-wage workers rather than cutting edge earnings for low-allowance families.

    In the Labour Market due to the minimum wage;

    In the labor market, there is said to be an equilibrium wage. This is where the demand and supply lines on the minimum wage graph intersect, as it is the point that the rate of pay is equivalent to that of the number of hours worked/required. A binding minimum wage in a competitive labor market means that this equilibrium point is offset as the rate of pay must rises. This can be shown using the following graph.

    About part (a) of Parkin’s graph previously, it is evident that the wage rate of €5 on the Y-axis is the equilibrium price, and 21 million hours per week is the equilibrium quantity on the X-axis. “The minimum wage is below the equilibrium wage rate and is not binding”.

    Where the rate of pay has increased, and all employees are being paid a higher wage, the hiring company cannot afford to hire as many employees as it will be too expensive, because not only do they have to pay wages for the skilled jobs, they also have to pay a higher wage than they would have intended for workers to perform the lower-skilled jobs. Therefore this means that there will be workers on the supply side who will not be able to get a job, thus the unemployment rate will rise. This can be shown in part (b) of the graph.

    About part (b), it can be seen that “the minimum wage is €6 an hour, which is above the equilibrium wage. The equilibrium wage is now illegal. At a minimum wage of €6 an hour, 20 million hours of labor are demanded and 22 million hours are supplied”. This difference that has been created due to the binding minimum wage creates a surplus of 2 million hours of work per week in the graph, which means that the unemployment rate now rising. This new minimum wage also means that unemployed workers are willing to supply the 20 millionth hour.

    The inefficiency of the Labour market due to the minimum wage;

    The minimum wage is not efficient, as Parkin states it “results in unemployment – wasted labor resources – and an inefficient amount of job search”. When looking at the effects of minimum wage graph, a deadweight loss is present. This occurs because of a decrease in both the worker’s surplus and the company’s surplus. This is seen in the following graph.

    Also seen in this inefficiency graph is a potential loss from the job search. This loss is said to arise “because someone who finds a job earns €6 an hour but would have been willing to work for €4”. This inefficiency affects the labor market as it means there is a deadweight loss of 1 million hours of work per year.

    What might soften my interpretation?

    The use of a minimum wage brings numerous detrimental effects to people. When looking at the outcomes of a minimum wage, “it delivers an unfair result and imposes unfair rules (Parkin, et al., 2008)”. Parkin also states that this is unfair because only those who can find a job benefit, whereas the unemployed end up worse off than with no minimum wage.

    Competitive and Noncompetitive Labor Markets;

    The effects of minimum wage depend, in part, on the order of whether the labor calm is competitive or not, in which accomplishment employers exert significant decree greater than wage decisions. We evaluate the employment effects of the minimum wage out cold two extreme assumptions: In the first conflict, there are a lot of employers competing to attract workers; in the second, there is a single employer. These extremes assign us two benchmarks from which we can discuss specific situations and markets.

    Perfectly competitive labor exposure is a composite of many firms that compete for workers. Firms have no carrying out to set wages; the minister to determines a competitive wage. If an unmodified deviates from this wage, it either pays less and loses workers or pays more, sustains losses, and exits the publicize.

    At the added extreme is a labor assignment that is a growth of little local markets. In each local abet, some firms are in a dominant hiring point of view. In such an employer-dominated tune, a major employer has the facility to set a wage unilaterally without the distress of competition.

    In both extremes, there are large numbers of potential workers, each of whom has a wage asleep which he will not operate (his reservation wage). As the push wage increases, more and more people become suitable to take outfits. The connection together surrounded by the shout from the rooftops wage and the number of workers who sore to play in for that amount is called the labor supply; it is represented by the upward-on a sloping curve.

    Workers Job-Search Effort;

    Economic effects of minimum wage; Let’s enrich our fable of the labor aerate now by assuming that workers can pick the depth once which they search for a job how much become antique they spend looking for a job, how many application letters they send out, and appropriately considering mention.

    Under these conditions, an early-thinking wage exerts two opposing effects: It raises the payoff following workers locating a job, which motivates them to see harder. At the same mature, it weakens firms’ incentives to make jobs, making workers less likely to succeed and consequently dampening their search efforts. The net effect depends upon where the wage stood in the future of the calculation together. To see this, evaluate two extreme cases where wages initially are either high or low, depending upon the extent of workers’ bargaining skills.

    First, suppose that workers have no bargaining facility, firms late accretion wages unilaterally, and workers search until they locate enough wage pay. Since employers invade every one surplus from their association in the by now labor, unemployed people have tiny incentive to search actively for a job; the result is high unemployment. Next, find the appendage extreme, where workers have all the bargaining realization to set wages. Firms make no profit from hiring more workers. Because initiation and advertising vacancies are expensive, firms get not realize consequently, and unemployment is tall.

    This means that in markets that tend to be dominated by employers or equivalently, in markets where workers’ bargaining facility is not too tall, a compulsory addition in the wage can benefit future search extremity and difficult employment. If the server wage is low, a binding minimum wage can create employment more to your liking to workers, which strengthens their search efforts and so reduces unemployment. If the abet wage is high, a binding minimum wage might discourage workers from looking for a job because there are fewer vacancies.

    The search models results are consistent as soon as the monopsony model: A minimum wage can, in theory, shorten unemployment.

    Social effects of minimum wage; One can perform that workers’ search efforts and social welfare concerns together. The wage that maximizes one afterward maximizes the auxiliary. Because of that fact, if the atmosphere wage is little sufficient, a minimum wage improves labor reveal conditions and increases social welfare. Another appealing consequence of this model is that the minimum level of unemployment occurs and the minister to wage is below the one that maximizes workers’ search effort. This means that a minimum wage can create workers who improved though it increases unemployment.

    Effects of Minimum Wage on Employment in 1700 Words Image
    Effects of Minimum Wage on Employment in 1700 Words; Image by Fehmi Murat KAYA from Pixabay.
  • Climate Change Essay for Students in 1100 Words

    Climate Change Essay for Students in 1100 Words

    Climate Change Essay; It is the gradual increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature. It is caused by the emission of gases and particles into the atmosphere, and by the absorption of energy from the sun. The Earth’s climate has always been changing, but the rate of change has increased in recent decades.

    Here are the articles to answer, in 1100 Words explain the Climate Change Essay for Students!

    The Earth’s climate is determined by the average temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans. The atmosphere contains about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, and these gases trap energy from the sun. The oceans are a huge reservoir of heat, and they can slow or speed up the warming of the atmosphere.

    Introduction to climate change essay and its effects.

    Climate change in the world can be caused by various activities. When climate change occurs; temperatures can increase dramatically. When the temperature rises, many different changes can occur on Earth. For example, it can result in more floods, droughts, or heavy rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves. Oceans and glaciers have also experienced some changes: oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, glaciers are melting, and sea levels are rising. As these changes frequently occur in future decades, they will likely present challenges to our society and environment.

    During the past century, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Most of the gases come from burning fossil fuels to produce energy. Greenhouse gases are like a blanket around the Earth, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to warm. This is called the greenhouse effect and it is natural and necessary to support life on earth. However, while greenhouse gases build-up, the climate change essay and result in dangerous effects on human health and ecosystems.

    People have adapted to the stable climate we have enjoyed since the last ice age which ended several thousand years ago. A warmer climate can bring changes that can affect our water supplies, agriculture, power and transportation systems, the natural environment, and even our health and safety. Some climate changes are unavoidable, and nothing can be done about them. For example, carbon dioxide can stay in the atmosphere for nearly a century, so Earth will continue to warm in the future. What are the doubts about Cobots in Manufacturing?

    Solutions to climate change.

    Global warming has taken effect in the world over the last century. It is the unusually rapid increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. Global warming is due to the enhancing greenhouse gases emission and build-up in the Earth’s environment. The gases that influence the atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, dinitrogen-oxide, and methane. Almost 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice.

    In the other 70 percent, most are absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet. This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere are beneficial for life on Earth. Today, the atmosphere contains more greenhouse gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface is absorbed by the atmosphere. By increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, we are making Earth’s atmosphere a more efficient greenhouse.

    Climate has cooled and warmed throughout the Earth’s history for various reasons. Rapid warming like we see today is unusual in the history of our planet. Some of the factors that affect climates, like volcanic eruptions and changes in the amount of solar energy, are natural. Climate can change if there is a change in the amount of solar energy that gets to the Earth. Volcano eruptions can affect climate because it spews out more than just lava and ash when erupts. Volcanoes release tiny particles made of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.

    The scientific consensus on climate change.

    These particles get into the stratosphere and reflect solar radiation out to space. Snow and ice also have a significant effect on climate. When snow and ice melt Earth’s climate warms, less energy is reflected and this causes even more warming. There are many different ways that plants, animals, and other life on our planet can affect climate. Some can produce greenhouse gases that trap heat and aid global warming through the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere by plants as they make their food by photosynthesis. During the night, plants release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

    Methane is made while farm animals, such as cattle and sheep digest their food. Cars and trucks can affect climate by releasing carbon dioxide when fossil fuels are burned to power them. When wildfires occur, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. However, if a forest of similar size grows again, about the same amount of carbon that was added to the atmosphere during the fire will be removed. Some effects that scientists have predicted in the past would result when the global change was occurring: loss of sea ice accelerated sea-level rise and more intense heat waves.

    Scientists have confidence that global temperatures will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to greenhouse gases produced by human activities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that the extent of climate change essay effects on individual regions will vary over time and with the ability of different societal and environmental systems to mitigate or adapt to change. This has been the warmest decade since 1880.

    According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010 and 2005 have been the warmest years on record. The earth could warm by an additional 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit during the 21st century if we fail to reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels. The rising temperature will have significant effects on the earth’s climate patterns and all living things. Industrial activities that our modern civilization depends upon have raised atmospheric carbon dioxide from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the last 150 years.

    In conclusion;

    We need to take part and try to stop global warming and other effects of climate change essay. If the earth’s temperatures continue to rise in the future, living things on earth will become extinct due to the high temperatures. If humans contribute to controlling global warming, this world would be cooler and the high temperatures we currently have would decrease. If everybody as one takes a stand and tries to end most of the climate changes that are occurring, this world would be a safer place to live in.

    Climate Change Essay for Students in 1100 Words Image
    Climate Change Essay for Students in 1100 Words; Image by Catazul from Pixabay.
  • Reading Aloud or Out Loud 2 Section Assignments

    Reading Aloud or Out Loud 2 Section Assignments

    What are some benefits of reading aloud or out loud for students? This assignment is my gain to the genuine step of my dissertation. In this assignment, I will discuss in detail what I will realize for my dissertation. First, I will discuss my subject and why I have chosen, it, and I will indicate my research questions and sub-questions. Next, I will identify key areas I compulsion to door very very just about and I will summarize 11 books and articles that meet the expense of useful scholastic background for my research.

    Here are the articles to answer, Reading Aloud or Out Loud 2 Section Assignments Essay

    What are some tips for reading aloud or out loud effectively? The topics I am keen on are associated with defining reading, later the process, models, methods of teaching reading, strategies readers use, and miscue analysis virtually reading strategies. What are the doubts about Virtual Reality Pros and Cons? This second section will pro taking place me construct the literature evaluation for my dissertation. Finally, I will characterize my research procedure and the research methods I am going to use.

    Section 1 My topic and why I chose it;

    My topic is about problems my pupils have in reading aloud and finding ways of improving my pupils’ reading aloud. What are the benefits of reading aloud or out loud? I have chosen this topic because in my experience as a teacher I faced and taught different kinds of pupils from different levels, I have found that most of them have problems with reading, particularly reading aloud.

    Some of them are good at reading aloud but have many do substitute for other words, and have omission of words or letter sounds while reading. This could be due to a lack of sight vocabulary, lack of phonic skills, or lack of strategies for reading. Some of them can’t produce a single word. I discovered that pupils were learning nothing if they could not read aloud. My pupils who cannot read aloud have general difficulty in decoding any reading text successfully.

    I believe my research is important because reading aloud is very important for my pupils in grade 9, which is closer to the final school-leaving examinations in grade 12. I hope it may able me and my colleagues to find the diagnoses to help the participants and in the future to help all my pupils with their reading problems. In my research, I will try to analyze and describe their miscues in reading aloud according to their levels of good, average, and weak.

    That time I couldn’t do anything about it because I didn’t have the experience to help them. After I joined the B. A course and studied EDUC 2031 TEYL, EDUC2033 Initial Literacy, and EDUC2028 Language learning from these modules I realized the nature of young learners how do they learn, how do they acquire a new language, and how to teach reading to young learners.

    As I understood the older ways of teaching reading focused on letters and words and how to say them, all language books are concerned with that view only. The new research showed a different view that relies on the development of all language skills so because reading in a second language is seen as a thinking exercise that’s not only concerned with reading words, sentences, and pages only but it is with developing language as a whole.

    Reading is the main reason to build the personality of a person as I mentioned before and it is the main thing that teaching and learning stand on because it is a communication way between the learner and the academic culture in the schools. I would like my pupils to be able to use reading for study, for pleasure, to understand and to interact with what they learning.

    My pupils are in grade 9 of the general education school at the age of 14 years old with different ability levels. They have been studying English for five years only using ‘Our World Through English’. They started learning English in grade 4. In addition, they are similar in many things such as pupils’ environment, strengths, and weaknesses areas they have.

    I decided to do research for my dissertation where I will focus on finding the difficulties my pupils face in reading aloud and helping me find ways to improve my pupils in reading aloud. Although my research will focus on reading aloud, from my experience a pupil cannot read aloud well, he can have little or no comprehension when he read silently. My research question is:

    How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils?

    My sub-questions will be:

    • What miscues do my good pupils and weak pupils make when reading aloud?
    • Based on my miscue analysis, what reading strategies do my good pupils and my weak pupils use when reading aloud?
    • What reading strategies can I encourage my pupils to develop to improve their reading?
    • In my research the subjects will be six pupils from 2 of them are good, the other 2 are average and the last 2 are weak pupils)

    Section 2 Summaries of relevant literature;

    What are some common problems people experience when reading aloud or out loud? The key areas I will need to read about for my research are:

    • reading process
    • models of reading
    • Methods of teaching reading.
    • reading strategies
    • miscue analysis

    How miscue analysis can be used to identify the reading strategies that pupils use and the errors they make.

    In this section, I discuss 11 books/articles that I want to use for my dissertation because they will help me to develop my understanding of issues related to my research. What are the doubts about Cobots in Manufacturing? The aspects that are relevant to my study are summarized below.

    Urquhart and Weir (1998);

    Urquhart and Weir discuss three models of reading and I will state them here:

    Bottom-up approach. They say these analyses begin with the stimulus, i.e. the text, orbits of the text. They say that in Gough’s (1972) model, the reader begins with letters, which are recognized by a scanner. The information thus gained is passed to the decoder, which converts the string of letters into a string of systematic phonemes, then word, then sentence then text. So ‘bottom-up models are sequential in that one stage is completed before another is begun.

    Top-down approaches. Since bottom-up models start with the smallest text unit, either letters or letter features, we could expect, then, those top-down models to begin with the largest unit, the whole text. According to Urquhart and Weir for a top-down model of reading, readers first use their background knowledge to help them make sense of the text. So for top-down approaches background knowledge is very important.

    Interactive approach. In interactive models (Urquhart and Weir refer to Rumelhart, 1977), there is no regular sequence from top to bottom or from bottom up. They quote Stanovich ‘the best-known proponent of interactive models’, that in interactive models a pattern is synthesized based on information provided simultaneously from several sources’ (1980:35). So in interactive approaches reader uses both small text units and background knowledge to make sense of a text at the same time.

    Urquhart and Weir describe reading strategies to be a conscious response to difficulties in the text while reading action selected deliberately to achieve goals (Is this a Quotation?).

    Aebersold and Field (1997);

    Aebersold and Field also have sections on models of reading. They also focus on the reader’s experience in learning how to read and the ways reading fits into their lives. They give five common influential sources for information that affect reading development, particularly family, the community, and the school influence. They mention that despite its relatively small size, a family can foster a variety of experience that affects a child’s reading development.

    They say that the community influence provides readers with a set of varied life experiences that also shape their knowledge. Thirdly the school can bring children into contact with communities other than their own or they can be a homogeneous institution that reflects shared values. This is interesting because in Oman children learn English without much support from the family or the community and school does not bring children in contact with many other communities.

    Riley (1996);

    This article has a section on models of reading. The author discusses how schema theory describes the process by which readers combine their background knowledge with the information in a text to help them comprehend that text. All readers carry different schemata (background information) and these are also often culture-specific. This is an important concept in ESL teaching, and many books have pre-reading tasks that are designed to build or activate the learner’s schemata. The author also highlights some of the limitations of the use of the schema-theory approach and points out the importance both of developing the learner’s vocabulary and of encouraging extensive reading.

    Wray and Medwell (1991);

    This article focuses on the reading process, models of reading, and approaches to teaching reading.

    In the reading process, they mentioned that reading is a highly complicated process, and there are several insights and concepts that the successful reader must develop. In models of reading, they discuss bottom-up models, top-down models, and interactive models and they strongly criticize the bottom-up model. They also have a section on teaching reading approaches – look and say phonic methods of teaching reading, and language experience approach. I discuss these under Graton and Spratt (1998) below.

    Graton and Pratt (1998);

    This book has useful sections on methods of teaching reading (whole word, phonics, language experience ) and the methods teachers can use to teach pupils how to read. Most teachers use these methods to help their students in reading, sometimes they choose one of these methods but some teachers work on two or more because they think each method is completed by the other.

    The phonic method is widely used by language teachers to teach reading and writing in English for second language learners. It relies on children being taught the alphabet first. Then they learn to pronounce the sounds of the letters. However, it is difficult to depend only on phonics because English is not a regular spelling language. The second method is ‘look and say’ or the whole word method. Here pupils learn to recognize whole words or sentences rather than individual sounds.

    The pupils will look at a word that the teacher sound, often with a picture, and in turns will repeat the word. The problem is that it does not teach children to work out new words for themselves. The context support method can be used when the pupils are just learning to read and it is important to choose exercises or activities that interest them. If the pupils like cars, choose an activity or exercise with pictures and simple words about cars. This will keep their interest and they will enjoy learning with the teacher.

    O’Malley and Valdez Pierce (2001);

    O’Malley and Valdez Pierce give a useful part about miscue analysis (p 124-5). They say it involves listening to a student reading aloud and recording the miscues. In types of miscues, they mention repetitions, substitutions, insertions, omissions, and self-corrections. They also recommend the teacher must get the student to answer reading comprehension questions. They say miscue analysis can provide information about (1) the readers’ ability to use language and the reading process (2) it can be used for assessing reading, the reader’s approaches to reading and reading comprehension (3) information for revising approaches to teaching reading, how it can be used by teachers effectively to improve their learners reading.

    This book has useful lists of reading strategies (p 121-123) and suggests how miscue analysis can be used to identify reading strategies readers are using. The authors talk about reading in the native language and then reading in a second language, which I am interested in. The writers said that learners who do have native language literacy skills might not know how to transfer their skills to the second language without specific strategy instruction.

    Carter and Nunan (Eds.) (2001);

    Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) define reading strategies as ‘Ways of accessing text meaning which is employed flexibly and selectively in the course of reading. In teaching, attention is paid to how the reader can draw effectively on existing linguistic and background knowledge. They list the good reading strategies that learners use to help them read in a very efficient way, to get the maximum benefit from their reading with minimum effort. These include drawing inferences, predicting, and using the information in the text such as pictures.

    They also discuss miscue analysis about reading strategies:

    As they say, miscue analysis refers to ‘the study of the text alterations conducted by the subject while the pupil reads the text and would be very impossible without reading aloud’. Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) assert that for early readers miscue analysis can be used by teachers to assess the quality and quantity of learners’ errors in their processing of text. First, this is especially useful for L2 learners ‘who because of their interlanguage system may show systemic syntactic and phonological departures from Standard English’. In addition, they argue that miscues will be based on learners’ current interlanguage rather than because of a misunderstanding of the text.

    Wallace (2001) p26 in Carter and Nunan (2001);

    Wallace discusses miscue analysis and she focuses on how miscue analysis can be used for early readers to assess the quality and the number of learners’ errors.

    Beard (1987);

    Beard has a section on miscue analysis and methods of teaching reading (whole word, phonics, language experience). The author focuses on miscue analysis and gives some models of how to use miscue analysis to develop pupils’ reading and how ‘miscue analysis can fulfill an important diagnostic function of a kind not readily offered by other more established means of reading assessment.’

    Cameron (2001);

    The author has sections on reading strategies, models of reading (bottom-up, top-down, and interactive), methods of teaching reading(whole word, phonics, language experience ) and discusses how miscues can help the teacher identify the reading strategies a reader is using. The author gives an example from her experience of reading with a little Malaysian girl. The author mentioned that she had introduced her to the strategies such as:

    • With the word ‘bar’, I pointed to the first letter, the sound of which she knew, and then she managed to sound out the word’.
    • With the word ‘rather’ I just told her the word and did not spend any time on it, because it was not crucial to the meaning of the story and is not a particularly useful word to learn at her stage’.
    • ith the word ‘meals’ I told her the word and then explained the meaning as the story progressed and the heroine moved from breakfast to tea.’
    • When she came to ‘watching TV’ she said ‘washing’. From this miscue, I could see that she was making a good attempt at the word and had noticed the initial consonant and the final rime.’

    According to www.mindtools.com/pages/articals/ miscue analysis refers to the study of text alterations made by the subject while s/he reads the text aloud. They summarise the research of Clay, Goodman, and Weber (Davies 1995, p13) and they give a useful list of types of miscues. They say that the alterations often made by a reader are:

    • Substitution (another word is pronounced instead of the printed word)
    • Self-correction (the reader realizes his/her mistake and corrects him/herself.)
    • Repetition (the printed word is repeated orally)
    • Omission (a word is missed from the text)
    • Insertion (a word not in the text is added by the reader)
    • Reversal (the word order gets changed or inverted)
    • Hesitation (the reader pauses or makes a sound indicating hesitation)

    A long pause.

    The article also relates the miscues to approaches. It says that if a reader shows more hesitations, long pauses, and self-correction, this shows a bottom-up approach with the reader giving most attention to pronouncing the printed words. If a reader shows more miscues such as omission, insertion, reversal, and substitution, this shows a more top-down approach where the reader is paying attention to the meaning of the whole text, not reading word by word.

    How I will investigate my research question;

    As discussed above, my research question will be ‘How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils? ‘

    My Approach:

    For my approach and method, I read Blaxter, Hughes, & Tight, (2000), Cohen, Manion, & Morrison (2000), and Nunan (1992). Duty of Care Law English and Irish Approaches 2000; For my research approach, I will use an action research approach enabling me to investigate my pupils over a period. Action research grows from the idea that a good teacher reflects on what happens in the classroom – possibly changing it.

    My Method;

    For my research, I will plan to use miscue analysis and interviews. The miscue analysis will provide quantitative data and the interviews will provide qualitative data. I will select a text from the coursebook which is not familiar to my pupils, I will let them each read aloud this text, I will record them while reading, then I will use miscue analyses to help me analyze their mistakes. Finally, I will interview each pupil, I will ask questions to assess their comprehension of the text, to get them to tell me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words, and to try to find out why they failed to read certain words correctly.

    The research Procedure;

    My research will include an unknown reading text from the OWTE coursebook that the six pupils will read to have effective and organized results for my research question. This text from the coursebook OWTE that I think will be not familiar to the pupils because I gave it to them for the first time. First I will use pre-reading questions to prepare each pupil for the reading. Pre-reading is a way of sampling where the students are familiar with the content that you are going to give them.

    It is a useful strategy for beginning with a class, especially when classes contain students with mixed abilities coming from a diversity of backgrounds. Then each pupil will read the text and I record it. Then I will note down all the miscues. Finally, I will interview them to examine their understanding, assess their comprehension of the text, get them to tell me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words, and try to find out why they failed to read certain words correctly.

    My Expectations:

    I expect some problems, and here I discuss how I will overcome them:

    Miscue analysis, I cannot assume that any two pupils will have the same miscues. In addition, anxiety may cause artificial results. To overcome these problems, I will choose six pupils from different levels. I will try to get them relaxed, so I will tell them about the reason for my research, and I will do the recording in a quiet place, so we are undisturbed.

    Pupils may feel boring from doing reading every time, so I must prepare a good situation for them to feel comfortable. The main problem I think is the time. These kinds of studies should not be used in a short period because the researcher needs to try many ways to investigate his pupils and his study to collect valid, reliable data.

    Conclusion;

    The EDUC 3079 helped me a lot in finding solutions for many problems that I will face in the future in my life as a teacher to help my pupils to reach success in their life as students. I learned how to read a lot and how to use linguistics theories to help my pupils learn and discover the problems. The use of miscue analysis is a very useful way to solve pupils’ weaknesses in reading because it allows me to focus on the problem itself, and how to deal with each problem individually.

    Reading Aloud or Out Loud 2 Section Assignments Essay Image
    Reading Aloud or Out Loud 2 Section Assignments Essay; Image by StockSnap from Pixabay.
  • The 5 benefits of using Cobots in Manufacturing

    The 5 benefits of using Cobots in Manufacturing

    Cobots in Manufacturing Assignments Essay; This suit testing involves Intelligent Assist Devices (IADs) which are a supplementary class of hybrid devices for settlement behind, alive thing, relationships when a human operator is in shared workspaces. These devices – expected for the assembly pedigree worker – can admission ergonomics concerns that arise due to upon-the-job beast and cognitive loading, even though improving safety, air, and productivity.

    Here are the articles to answer, What are the 5 benefits of using Cobots in Manufacturing?

    Cobot, a.k.a. collaborative robot works along gone humans in completing tasks in manufacturing. Cobots in Manufacturing, Unlike robots which are mainly used in just easy repetitive tasks that are easy to replicate, cobots can do their stuff later-door door to humans and even learn from them.

    Introduction;

    Today’s manufacturers are faced with increasing cost pressures, growing product diversity, and fluctuating demands. Even where workers are affordable, this new generation of complex products requires assembly adaptability, precision, and reliability that is beyond the skills of human workers alone. To be prepared for this high-mix, low volume era, manufacturing methods must be flexible and automated.

    Cobots in Manufacturing, Traditional industrial robots continue to evolve to meet today’s automation needs, with a broad mix of form factors, payloads, and capabilities. But new automation opportunities are also emerging for variable and semi-structured environments, especially in small and mid-sized businesses.

    Cobots due to their ability to work side-by-side with employees, these lightweight, flexible tools can be easily moved and reprogrammed to solve new tasks. User-friendly, affordable cobots are lowering the automation barrier by a lot, enabling automation in areas previously considered too complex or costly. While the stereotype was that the cost of a robot would be a lot, collaborative robots are almost just a quarter of the price of a robot.

    What are Cobots?

    Cobots, or collaborative robots, are robots intended to interact with humans in a shared space or to work safely nearby. Cobots stand in contrast to traditional industrial robots which are designed to work autonomously with safety assured by isolation from human contact. Cobot safety may rely on lightweight construction materials, rounded edges, and limits on speed or force. Safety may also require sensors and software to assure good collaborative behavior. The International Federation of Robotics (IFR), a global industry association of robot manufacturers and national robot associations, collects statistics on two types of robots;

    • 1) industrial robots used in manufacturing.
    • 2) service robots for domestic and professional use.

    Service robots can be considered to be cobots as they are intended to work alongside humans. Industrial robots have traditionally worked separately from humans, behind fences, but this is changing with the emergence of industrial Cobots. Cobots can have many roles. Collaborative service robots can perform a variety of functions, from information robots in public spaces; to logistics robots that transport materials within a building, to inspection robots equipped with cameras and visual processing technologies that can serve in a variety of applications such as patrolling perimeters of secure facilities.

    Collaborative industrial robots can be used to automate repetitive, unergonomic tasks – such as fetching and carrying heavy parts, machine feeding, and final assembly. Industrial robots have traditionally been used in industrial sectors for pre-assembly tasks such as cutting, welding, basic assembly of car bodies, and painting. Collaborative industrial robots enable automotive and electronics manufacturers to extend automation to final product assembly, finishing tasks (for example polishing and applying coatings), and quality inspection.

    Cobots in Manufacturing, Cobots can also be categorized as follows:

    Independent;

    An operator and a cobot operate on separate workpieces (W1 and W2 illustrated in Fig. 1) independently for their manufacturing processes (P1 for W1 and P2 for W 2). The collaborative element is due to the co-presence of the operator and cobot in the same workspace without a fence or guard. Are cobots safe? That is safety is achieved through the cobot’s intrinsic safety and/or added hardware/software safety elements. Therefore, the Cobot is aware of the operator’s presence and acts safely.

    Simultaneous;

    An operator and a cobot operate on separate processes (P1 and P2 respectively) on the same workpiece (W) at the same time. There is no time or task dependency between them. However, the Cobots need to be spatially aware of the operator and his/her task requirements to respect the operator’s space. Being able to concurrently operate on the workpiece will minimize the transmit time of the workpiece between the cobot and human, thereby improving productivity and space utilization.

    Sequential;

    An operator and a cobot perform sequential manufacturing processes (P1 and P2) on the same workpiece. There are time dependencies between the cobot and operator for their processes. For instance, the cobot works on P1 for the workpiece as an input to support the operator to carry on P2 for the workpiece. In most cases, the cobot is arranged to handle tedious processes to improve the operator’s working conditions

    Supportive;

    An operator and a cobot work towards the same process (P) on the same workpiece (W) interactively. There is a dependency between the actions of the Cobots and the operator. That is, without one, another cannot perform the task. The cobot needs to understand the operator’s intent and the task requirements to provide appropriate assistance. For instance, the operator fastens screws on a toolbox while the cobot holds it in place. The role of the cobot is to physically assist the operator with workpieces that improve ergonomics.

    The roles that Cobots play;

    The typical workshop has been transformed by the advent of robots. From unsafe, harsh conditions have been mitigated while simultaneously freeing up workers for tasks that are more enjoyable and less stressful.

    The ergonomics and productivity consequences brought by manufacturing across all industries are documented as follows:

    • 43% of workers sustained injuries and illnesses were due to bodily reaction and exertion;
    • 62% of all illness cases were due to repeated trauma disorders;
    • 32% of cases involving days away from work resulted from overexertion or repetitive motion.
    • The total cost of these consequences to the US industries is enormous and it happens every year. The impact of this problem is so big that shouldn’t be ignored.

    Cobots are created to address some of the above problems. And it is not only just for the whales in industries, and also for small and medium businesses. (SMBs) Cobots help meet the short-run production challenge faced by many SMBs, bridging the gap between fully manual assembly and fully automated manufacturing lines. Cobots in Manufacturing, This is helping small business owners address overseas competition with affordable automation solutions that can be deployed in a wide range of applications.

    As these small businesses compete more effectively, their growth can drive the use of additional automation solutions, including multiple cobots—or another form of collaboration, between cobots and traditional industrial robots for high-speed, repeatable applications. Another good thing about cobot is that it can be highly cost-effective as it can be programmed to operate 24/7 in lights-out situations for continuous production.

    What are the prospects for cobots in manufacturing? The relevance of cobots in manufacturing;

    Manufacturing companies are eager to deploy Cobots due to their affordability, built-in safety, and intuitive User Interfaces (UIs). That is especially true for SMEs that have difficulties automating their manufacturing using traditional robots. Mass production companies, particularly automotive manufacturers, are equally eager to implement HRC to boost their competitiveness and take their factories to the next level of automation and manufacturing advancement, i.e. Industry 4.0.

    For instance, the BMW Group’s Spartanburg site introduced cobots to improve ergonomics by taking over the repetitive and precise task of equipping the inside of car doors with sound and moisture insulation. Audi introduced a UR3 cobot to apply an adhesive on a car roof, which saves factory floor space since the Cobots do not have to be separated from the human by a fence. The Volkswagen plant is in locations that are inconvenient to reach by a human operator. The cobot works alongside the human who is screwing at other easily accessible locations.

    Nissan’s large-scale Yokohama plant deployed UR10 cobots to loosen bolts and carry heavy components to relieve the workforce of these arduous tasks and speed up the manufacturing process. Skoda also introduced a KUKA cobot to work alongside humans in the production of direct-shift gearboxes. In all the aforementioned tasks, Cobots are required to operate safely alongside humans, which is a built-in feature in cobots. However, they do not strictly require advanced perception, human awareness, or decision-making capabilities since the parts handled are kept in pre-determined positions, the tasks of the human and the cobot are relatively independent, and the cobot adheres to a relatively fixed action/motion plan.

    Therefore, it is noticeable that industrial implementation of HRC scenarios falls under the category ”Independent” or ”Simultaneous”. However, by enforcing additional constraints upon the cobots’ environment (in terms of fixed parts or equipment positions), most of such implementations fail to showcase the utility and versatility of cobots in a partially unstructured work environment.

    However, humans rely a lot on communication to work in teams and to complete tasks fluently and effectively. Communication can be made to issue orders, convey intention and ask/answer questions. Researchers have been working on enabling communication between humans and cobots such that humans can command the cobot through different communication modes.

    First and foremost, body language and speech. Body language as a means of commanding cobot includes using gestures, pointing, head pose, etc. Speech refers to uttering commands verbally. But, at the end of the day, Cobots aren’t human, they need to be trained to be able to work alongside humans. They learn while they work through machine learning. Communications can be complex for example, different gestures/commands can mean differently in different situations. This is can be avoided by such and such command being predefined strictly in a fixed set. Generating a natural language system is challenging since the language use differs drastically as the operator progresses with work.

    Nakata et al. showed that in a collaborative task where only verbal communication is allowed, the frequency of morphemes (i.e. words belonging to these certain types: object, modifier, robot action, user action) decreases as the number of task trials increases. That is because humans naturally start emitting words as they become accustomed to the task. They naturally start considering and accommodating their teammates’ needs without those needs being explicitly expressed. Kobayashi et al. also showed that the use of descriptive words decreases as the number of task trials increases. Therefore, any language model between a human and a cobot should account for the change in human language as the human becomes more accustomed to the task.

    Cobots in eliminating Manufacturing Jobs;

    Cobots not only doesn’t eliminate manufacturing jobs, but also provide more job opportunities, and make manufacturers even more globally competitive. This is because Cobots are available for everyone not only for the big companies. In manufacturing work, a lot of manpower is needed previously. Now, cobots free up a lot of manpower to let companies maximize workers’ skills in other areas of business. It also creates a safer, more desirable working environment for workers as the job that cobots do are usually boring and repetitive, dangerous.

    Not only that, some countries which lack manpower in the mass production lines are already fixed with cobots available. Today’s labor market includes fewer skilled manufacturing workers due to decades of offshoring, and cobots come in handy to eliminate the shortfall. Talk about globally competitive, automation in manufacturing allows domestic companies to be price-competitive with offshore companies because of mass production in a shorter period. As cobots are available 24/7 of the time, it increases the production rate of the product to meet the demand rate with minimal costs.

    As cobots can do work precisely and quickly, it is always able to achieve customers’ desire which easily offset their upfront costs as well. Cobots in Manufacturing; Cobots are good in helping manufacturers break the ceiling of output capacity as well. Last but not least, cobots are economically friendly as well. It not only doesn’t emit greenhouses, but it also helps in reducing the energy consumption of factory as well, cobots doesn’t need lighting to function 24/7 so they can create cleaner spaces also.

    The opportunity of Cobot in the UK;

    There is a huge opportunity for UK manufacturers to adopt robotics and artificial intelligence, but a key barrier to implementation is often a lack of understanding of how to effectively introduce these technologies into the business. Cobots in Manufacturing, Arguably the UK manufacturing landscape is built up of traditional organizations that adopt conservative approaches to business, as opposed to modernization.

    Barclays Corporate recently found that there is still resistance from UK manufacturers when it comes to adopting the latest and greatest innovations and is falling behind other nations when it comes to adopting fourth industrial revolution technologies. Yet, innovation in automation and robotics is happening in pockets across the UK manufacturing sector. The University of Lincoln’s National Centre for Food Manufacturing and supplier English Provender, for example, recently announced an R&D project introducing state-of-the-art robotic arms to weigh out powdered ingredients with more accuracy and with the overall goal of reducing food waste in the supply chain.

    These types of initiatives gain a lot of awareness and traction in the sector as the ROI is usually fruitful, yet generally, across the board, the UK is falling behind when it comes to robotics. The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) highlighted that the UK sits 22nd in the world for robot density behind nations such as Slovakia and the Czech Republic. UK manufacturing is, however, on the cusp of further global recognition and RPA could be the enabler of getting Britain back on the map.

    Cobots in Manufacturing, Recent successes in British exports has meant that the UK manufacturing sector is set to outpace the rest of the economy this year and as such, experts are anticipating that by 2021, the UK will climb from number eight in the global manufacturing economy to fifth place. Yet, to remain competitive the UK manufacturing sector must continue to cultivate and invest in emerging technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and robotics, putting digital change at the beating heart of growth strategies and making operations smarter, freeing up workers’ time to focus on innovation and creativity.

    Conclusion;

    What challenges must be addressed when implementing Cobots in manufacturing? The above quote which was said by Henry Ford doesn’t mean that humans alone cannot achieve mass production but machines, mass production can be easily achieved with the right machines. Computer-controlled, intelligent assist devices are a huge change in material handling technology today. The step changes in their ergonomics, productivity, quality, and safety capabilities – especially when compared with traditional pneumatic tools which are considered old schooled in comparison with cobots today.

    It wouldn’t be a surprise to see cobots will lead to a revolution in manufacturing over the next few years. Yes, there are fears that large sections of the workforce will be made redundant by the increased automation, but these fears may be unfounded. For instance, the workers at a Nissan plant in Tennessee were nervous about being laid off when cobots were introduced, but no jobs have been lost, and the staff has been very receptive to them. They have realized that these machines are there to help them and the company, rather than replace them.

    Cobot is the way to go for today’s trend and generation. I believe that Cobots don’t only make manufacturers’ life easier and also the customer’s as well. Cobots in Manufacturing; Cobots create a cleaner, safer, and technically more fun environment for people to work in as it enables people to customize the way cobots act for different operations which are mostly software-based.

    Reference; It is Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/assignments/cobots-in-manufacturing-2149.php?vref=1

    The 5 benefits of using Cobots in Manufacturing Image
    The 5 benefits of using Cobots in Manufacturing; Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay.
  • 5-5 doubts about Virtual Reality Pros and Cons

    5-5 doubts about Virtual Reality Pros and Cons

    What are the 5-5 doubts about Virtual Reality Pros and Cons? The technology of virtual reality was popping up to the public in recent years; it promotes rapidly and gradually permeates people’s lives. Virtual reality is a technology that can imitate reality. When people put the VR glasses on, they can be placed in any scenes that seem real. What is the definition of Management in business? The high realistic scenes bring magic energy to humans; it gives humans the ability to move freely between the warp and weft of time and space. Virtual reality involves a vast number of fields such as games, movies, medicine, design, military training, geography, and education.

    Here are the articles to answer, What are the 5-5 doubts about Virtual Reality Pros and Cons?

    Virtual reality is more closely related to daily lives; some of the moral issues and situations are being considered. Virtual reality is a false appearance; it might make people rely on the virtual world to escape from life and more reluctant to believe and accept the fact. The virtual world and the real world have a relationship of sometimes-complex mix-and-match; they influenced each other and mutually penetrate. Thereby, visual reality profoundly impacts and changed human life. That significant change in life is difficult to be distinguished between right and wrong.

    There is an argument between “virtual reality can be developed technically” or “humans need to keep away from the virtual world consciously”. The virtual world becomes an irresistible trend in the world; virtual reality has enriched the choices and the possibilities of life. For the fields of art, medicine, and military training, virtual reality provides miraculous help. If accepting and develop virtual reality, human civilization will enter a brand-new age. Virtual reality creates a virtual world in three dimensions by using the computer simulation; it provides the simulative sense of auditory sense, visual sense, and tactile sense.

    Essay Part 01;

    “VR isn’t a single technology, of course, it describes forms of 360-degree video as well as computer-generated environments”. Do you understand the Virtual Teams Leadership skills? Virtual reality has different meanings for different groups of people; anything that is not real but feels like it can be called virtual reality. Thus, many electronic or social media can also be branches of virtual reality. Social networks and social media can be the soft infrastructure in creative cities that enables individuals and institutions to interact effectively to promote creative industries.

    Virtual reality can create enormous benefits for a creative city. The potential of the market and the trends of the future development of virtual reality make the whole world and advanced technology companies attach importance to VR products. Facebook bought Oculus VR for $2 billion in 2014, and Google, HTC, HP, Samsung, Sony, and Microsoft are all developing VR devices. Whether the contribution of virtual reality in the cities or the applications in any other aspects, Virtual reality is worth to be developed and being applied in daily life.

    Essay Part 02;

    Virtual reality is a symbol of aesthetics; the art form no longer is restricted to two dimensions. Although the screen does not disappear, the virtual reality brings illusions to the customers; it is a feeling of being personally on the scene. The Blurring of Boundaries between the Professional and Nonprofessional Artist. All the individuals are creating their content. “Arts organizations need to catch up!”.

    Diverse art forms can be made through virtual reality. Virtual reality provides a platform for new art forms; for example, virtual reality can be used in interior design and documentary films. Virtual reality is more than just a presentation medium, but it is a design tool. It reflects the thoughts of designers in a visual form; for example, before the interior designer decorates a house, the first thing the decorators need to do is to think about the structure and shape of the house carefully.

    To quantify it, a huge amount of drawings sheets are used. However, those drawings sheets can only be understood by insiders; virtual reality can turn the ideas into a visible virtual object and environment so that the traditional design model can be upgraded to the digital design; it is greatly improving the planning quality and efficiency of the design. Virtual reality also provides opportunities for documentary films in the art field.

    Essay Part 03;

    The documentary is based on real-life as creative material. The real people and real events are the performance objects, and then the event is embellished and displayed by art forms. Show the essence of reality, and using the real form of film or television art can stimulate people to think. The core of the documentary is true. The technology of virtual reality restores the reality to the greatest extent compared to other presentation methods, and it directly pulls the viewer into the real scene.

    The previous documentary shows the truth, but the VR documentary brings more real feelings. The viewers are no longer recipients of “real,” they are becoming “real” participants. The traditional documentary is guided by the director to feel the truth, while the VR documentary is in which audiences participate in the fact and discover the truth.

    VR documentary is more attractive; it is a creation of a ‘subjective mode of wandering: observing detail, being open to what appears, being curious about what’s up the hill, or around the corner’. The power of virtual reality cannot be underestimated in the art field. The application of VR in medicine has vital practical significance. In medical colleges, students can perform the process of anatomy and various surgical exercises in a virtual laboratory. The training costs are significantly reduced because the experiment actions are no longer subject to restrictions on specimens and venues.

    Essay Part 04;

    Some virtual reality systems for medical training, internships, and research have a very high degree of simulation, and their superiority and effects are immeasurable and incomparable. For example, an eye surgery simulator creates a three-dimensional image based on the eye structure of the human eyes with real-time tactile feedback. Students and interns can use the VR simulator to observe and try the whole process of eye surgery. Anesthesia virtual reality systems and oral surgery simulators can also be created by virtual reality.

    Virtual reality does not only apply to medical training, but it also helps patients reduce pain. During the treatment of oncological problems, the patients often have to experience painful procedures. The immersive VR can block the noise and sights from outside of the virtual world; virtual reality creates a new scene that can completely separate patients from the surgery scene.

    Blocking the information from the real sight makes patients Because humans have finite attentional resources, a distraction task that consumes some portion of those resources is believed to leave less cognitive capacity available for processing pain. Virtual reality has a similar function to the anesthetic, and it causes less damage to the brain. The contribution of virtual reality to the medical field is unimaginable. Virtual reality technology has played an increasingly essential role in the military field in recent years. Virtual reality provides a different environment from the battlefield.

    Essay Part 05;

    The three dimensions graphics generation system not only can generate a realistic and large-scale virtual terrain environment, but it also simulates various flight conditions such as fog, rain, and snowstorm in different natural environments, and its 3D sound synthesis system can also synthesize realistic 3D space sounds such as shooting and the launching trajectory of missiles. Soldiers can adapt to different situations and respond to emergencies at any time in the VR military training.

    Virtual reality battlefield simulators can give soldiers effective training, reduces the number of casualties in the realistic battleground, and minimizes the cost of training. Virtual reality can also become a simulator for flying helicopters, parachuting, and scuba diving. The simulator of those extreme sports can fill soldiers’ psychological anticipation; soldiers can gradually move into the real extreme sports training.

    It reduces the emergency and risks from extreme sports. Virtual reality is also used to treat physical illness and mental disorders in the battleground. Soldiers suffering from battlefield trauma and other psychological conditions can learn how to deal with their symptoms in a ‘safe’ environment. In the military field, virtual reality protects soldiers’ safety, and it reduces the economic losses of a country.

    Essay Part 06;

    Many people still think there are many negative influences of virtual reality since it might make people stuck in the illusions. The virtual world is full of pitfalls; some of the users of virtual reality products might escape from real life and gradually move to the edge of the real world. Those concerns are not unreasonable since Potential problems may arise as technology evolves and deepens.

    Human realizes both perspectives of positive and negative impacts of virtual reality in real life; to accept the development of virtual reality but keep a proper distance from it is the best way to find the balance. To sum up, virtual reality can be useful in many fields such as art, medicine, and the military. Virtual reality creates convenience and high technology for human life, and it contributes to a creative city.

    Creative cities have an overwhelming impact on the economies of countries. Virtual reality has a huge potential impact on the soft power of countries. Virtual originated from life, it is the demand of reality and also a part of reality. Accepting and developing virtual reality in the right way; embracing the charm and sense of future that is brought by technology and virtual reality. What are the Virtual Reality Pros and Cons for business?

    Advantages or Pros of Virtual Reality;

    This technology does come with several benefits, and several areas have been positively affected by the implementation of this technology. Some of the positive impacts of VR are listed below:

    More Than Real;

    Virtual reality, in comparison, offers far better visuals that give the user a feeling of being in a different world while playing games, watching the scenery, etc. Playing games using the VR controller gives the user the impression of actually being inside the game experiencing every move as if it were real with all those visual and sound effects along with countless other sensations.

    Safe Practice / Simulation;

    Among countless other astounding benefits of VR technology, one can say that the opportunity to conduct training and practice by simulating potentially dangerous real-world operations like surgery, combat, flight, etc., would simply be the best practical advantage of this technology. One can easily learn to perform operations, fly a plane, and many more without risking their’ and/or others’ lives.

    Detailed;

    Planning a vacation can be tiring work, and if the planned location doesn’t work out as hoped, it is bound to worsen one’s mood. But with VR technology one can simply get a detailed and sharp view of any tourist location and decide if the trip is worth their time and effort.

    Handy;

    Virtual reality comes in very handy in our day-to-day activities such as shopping. Suppose you’re shopping for interior design for your house. However, just looking at the designs doesn’t make it simpler to decide on a perfect match and thus a confusing situation arises. Such confusion can easily be handled by using virtual reality to put together the designs and the interior of your house for a well-versed decision.

    Increased Learning Possibilities;

    Using VR technology, doctors can understand any medicine’s new qualities and determine its side effects, giving them a clear idea of the outcome. Fields such as content writing and editing can also benefit from VR technology by easing detection faults through certain software arrangements.

    Disadvantages or Cons of Virtual Reality;

    Regardless of the numerous merits offered by VR technology, there are still some cons that need to be acknowledged when considering this type of technology. The to-be considered cons are listed below.

    Intransigent;

    Unlike real-world systems, virtual reality doesn’t offer flexibility in making changes to the pre-set program sequence. Say someone is in the classroom and wants to raise some questions, in the real world they are free to do so as well as to make suggestions, but in the virtual world such isn’t feasible.

    Obsession;

    Anyone can become obsessed with anything if they get involved with it for a longer period. This is especially the case when something as astounding as virtual reality is taken into account. Many tend to like games that allow violence and other illegal activities, but if that turns into addiction they will likely commit the crime in the real world.

    Expensive;

    Regardless of the fun and amazing experience provided by VR technology, not everyone is capable of affording the same tech as it does not come cheap. Irrespective of the decrement in its price over the years, this technology still hasn’t been cheap enough to be affordable to most populations.

    Isolated;

    After spending significant amounts of time in the virtual world, they become addicted to it and tend to enjoy it more there than in the real world. Thus, they spend more time with their friends in the virtual world like in games. This eventually leads them to become isolated from the real world.

    Unreal;

    One can always train to either perform surgery or fly a plane, using VR technology to an extent. But training in the virtual world and real world are entirely different things. They might not be able to give their best when exposed to the real world because any action they take will have real consequences.

    Reference – It is Retrieved from;

    1. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/technology/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-virtual-reality.php?vref=1
    2. https://honestproscons.com/pros-and-cons-of-virtual-reality/
    5-5 doubts about Virtual Reality Pros and Cons Image
    5-5 doubts about Virtual Reality Pros and Cons; Image by Eugene Capon from Pixabay.
  • 28 Doubts of Personal Vision Statement Examples

    28 Doubts of Personal Vision Statement Examples

    Having Personal vision statement examples is a terrific way to make sure you are in the right direction to accomplish your long-time period goals. Having a clear private vision offers you a feeling of direction. It states your values and is an effective device for lifestyles decisions. This is not the same as the personal vision statement examples. Though it could relate to your expert existence, it has to set out private goals and private values.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define the top 28 Doubts of Personal Vision Statement Examples!

    The following are some personal vision statement examples to guide you:

    • I want to paint with younger children and teens as an intellectual fitness counselor. My sturdy passion for raising recognition around mental health and wellbeing and my dedication to assisting people who are suffering have inspired me to pursue this profession.
    • My professional goal is to grow to be a bodily trainer. I am committed to my health and am inspired to assist others to gain ideal fitness and well-being.
    • My last career purpose is to be a medical doctor operating in a poverty-stricken region of the country. I’ve always desired to assist others who are much less fortunate and am obsessed with fitness and well-being.

    Below we’ve got written 28 best personal vision statement examples that will help you emerge as your satisfactory self.

    Identify your strengths;

    When you use your imaginative and prescient declaration to apply for jobs, it has to assist you to stand out over other applicants. To try this, recall the strengths you have got that would be useful in your dream position. For instance, in case you want to be a computer programmer, assess whether or not you have got sufficient knowledge of numerous coding languages or strong analytical competencies that would assist you to excel in this area.

    Becoming Financially Successful;

    I take ownership of my career aspirations and choice for monetary achievement. I will devote my expert career to maximizing how plenty money I can earn. To try these 50 best passive income ideas, I will invest in my education and lifetime mastering. I understand this can require tough paintings and willpower for my complete professional path. I will do this due to the fact my set of middle values requires that I contribute to supporting others and myself. To be in a role to make a difference in different people’s lives, I ought to first make a difference in my own.

    Evaluate how your competencies can clear up actual-international issues;

    After determining your strengths and values, you want to assess how your capabilities and attributes can resolve troubles at work. This allows you to market yourself to potential employers, as you may display to them why you believe you’d be an asset to their team. Think of potential troubles you can stumble upon in your profession and how your capabilities or attributes can resolve them.

    Giving Myself a Better Future;

    Every choice I make is an interplay with my destiny self. I must make selections for a long time and not best to attain quick-time period desires. To make certain that I am in a better location in the future, I have to have a clear vision for my private lifestyle and take steps to comprehend it. I will take time every day for a private development to improve my earning ability, and I commit to making choices that guide my existing standards.

    Living My Best Life;

    Though I am a successful person and I have achieved lots of my life goals, those accomplishments experience empty. I have now not set dreams that have been true to myself. I even have set desires based on what society anticipated. I will work to live a higher everyday life any longer. To try this, I will compare my moves and selections each day. I will make certain that I pursue what I prefer and no longer what experience others expect of me. I will paintings difficult to make certain I am financially capable of are searching for out journey at home and overseas and take opportunities to have new reports every time feasible.

    Developing Work-Life Balance;

    I must retain to carry out properly at paintings and achieve my professional dreams. However, I recognize how a good deal of time I spend in pursuit of bigger financial institution bills at the cost of personal relationships. The first aspect I should do to accurate that is to allocate a while each day to my own family. I will also take at least sooner or later each week away from work, dedicated completely to building true connections with the human beings that count number to me.

    Reflect on your values;

    Another major issue of your imaginative and prescient declaration is the values you hold. Your values determine your mindset and expert method. Knowing what your values are is also vital for locating your dream process as you want to paintings for an employer with comparable values to yours. This guarantees you can inspire yourself to attain your lengthy-time period goals as you trust within the paintings you’re doing.

    Overcoming Introversion and Making Connections;

    I want to stay true to myself whilst experiencing all lifestyles has to offer. I am comfy in my quietness and content being in my very own business enterprise. Though I apprehend my introversion is not a flaw to be modified, it does represent an interpersonal assignment. I will work on being more gift and attentive while enticing others. This will allow me to foster trust, connection, and intimacy which are critical for significant long-term relationships.

    Becoming a Good Communicator;

    I pick out that my social and talkative nature is one of my best strengths, and my love for humor and comedy suggests itself. However, I apprehend that my comedic and talkative nature can present unprofessionally, and now and then I speak over others. I want to be a person who’s visible as reliable and supportive to pals, family, and associates. To do that, I will discover ways to pay attention extra and communicate less. I will exercise lively listening and work to end up someone who connects with others, even if we don’t proportion the same reviews.

    Becoming a Positive Force;

    I even have the strength to pick how I see the world. I recognize that I view the arena poorly, that I anticipate bad things to occur, and that I doubt the reasons of others, consisting of crew contributors. This has led to me being passive and no longer pursuing self-improvement or expert growth. I want to be seen as a high-quality have an impact on those around me, a person who encourages others to turn out to be excellent. I devote that I will search for the fine, and commit to excellently viewing the sector. I will look for the coolest in others and do all I can to increase the best within the world.

    Improving My Decision Making;

    Until now, I was impulsive and made negative selections without a clean concept of my course. I understand that development is a multi-step manner, and I decide to lengthy-term self-improvement. My subsequent step is to examine staying power, each with myself and others. I will take time to evaluate any new idea to make sure it is a good idea earlier than performing. In doing this, I will become a grounded person who makes planned selections and isn’t swayed by using impulses. I become a person others can depend on and trust, and this could serve me in my expert development.

    Improving the World Through Business;

    I am an enormously ambitious character, and I well know that status is critical to me. I will balance this by loving and accepting myself wherein I am at even as continuing to pursue achievement. I pick out that fulfillment to me manner being the first-rate I may be in something I do. I will enhance my expert capabilities and search for new opportunities constantly. Ideally, I will work to come to be a commercial enterprise government, to be in a position in which I can steer agencies to be moral and accountable for their remedy of employees and the surroundings.

    Looking After the Earth;

    I agree with existence needs to be approximately more than simply improving one’s standing or gathering wealth. It is our obligation to others and the planet to depart the sector higher than we determined it. I will pursue a profession in technology to further this aim by engaging in a lifelong commitment to helping sustainable electricity manufacturing. I will lessen my carbon footprint which is possible thru moral existence picks. I will exercise and sell recycling and composting, choose sustainable products, and share environmental cognizance. Earth is my domestic planet, and I far must take care of it.

    I Will Help Others;

    All human beings are unique and valuable. The structure of our international on occasion denies humans opportunity or dignity because of occasions. I will devote myself to improving my capacity to assist others through teaching and care. I will commit my time to volunteer for no longer-for-income groups and inspire others to do the same. I will also try to sell humanitarianism in all aspects of my life – from how I treat others to how I give back to the network.

    Expanding My Understanding of the World;

    I want to increase my revel in the arena as much as viable, meet new people and learn their customs and cultures. This can advantage my expert existence by giving me more creative and get admission to different ideas, and a better ability to work with others. I decide to work difficult and discover journey possibilities as frequently as viable to boom the number of human beings and cultures I encounter. Through various enjoy, I will maximize my professional and personal values and increase my lifestyle.

    To Improve Opportunities for Others;

    I apprehend that I have had a very good existence. I could analyze and broaden precious and precise abilities and specialized knowledge. I need to proportion that expertise with the less fortunate through volunteering for missions. In doing this, I can enrich my very own reports and amplify my worldview. I can also supply others with the know-how they don’t have to get entry to, and they can make tremendous changes in their groups, developing a wonderful ripple impact and leaving lasting trade within the world.

    Becoming a More Confident and Effective Person;

    I will stay an existence of reason and that means, free from strain and tension. I am stimulated to make high-quality modifications in my life and to attempt excellence. I have ignored too many possibilities because of self-doubt. I will triumph over the anxiety that has defined me formerly and end up assured in all conditions in existence. I will expand my professional and personal skills and paintings to be a nicely-rounded and functional character.

    Not Being Defined By the Past;

    I commit that I am now not defined via my reports, but with the aid of who I am in mild of my studies. I will paintings tough to overcome beyond demanding situations and experiences. I will search for opportunities for non-public and expert improvement to assist me to end up a treasured contributor to paintings and society. I can be an instance to others that you may usually improve, no matter what demanding situations life has given you.

    I Will Not Be Defined with the aid of Others;

    I refuse to permit the manner others have handled me inside the beyond be a part of my destiny. I will no longer be described by using beyond experiences and social situations. I recognize my cost as a unique individual. My trends aren’t faults; they’re my strengths. I will work to make being myself an instance to the world and inspire others to step out optimistically and specific themselves.

    Empowering Myself and Others;

    I have a strong desire to assist others and to achieve success myself. The best way that I can assist others is to end up the first-rate version of myself. For this purpose, I commit to developing my monetary know-how and training so that I can be financially empowered to make a difference in others’ lives. I will welcome opportunities to assist and aid others and could constantly are looking to train them away to assist themselves and their communities.

    Making Decisions That Benefit My Future;

    I need to make certain that my destiny self enjoys peace and balance to do something that I desire. I need to be empowered to select to live and paint wherever it’s miles that I choose and to interact in sports that fulfill me individually. To try this, I will paintings hard and welcome all possibilities to research and advantage revel in to make myself greater treasured as someone, knowing that every choice I make now may have an instantaneous effect on my first-rate of life in the future.

    Improving Others’ Health and Wellbeing;

    I need to leave a superb effect on the world, and I need my contribution to be treasured by others. I have a passion for supporting others and have been blessed with opportunities that others no longer have. I commit that I will put my efforts into developing my expertise in fitness and well-being. I will are looking for possibilities to percentage this information and teach others, in addition to actively following my expertise to help others to stay full and healthful lives.

    To Develop the Future Ethically and Responsibly;

    Technology is swiftly advancing, and automation threatens to update people in lots of fields. I actively welcome the opportunity for technology to enhance our lives, however, I continue to be privy to the demanding situations. I will pursue an expert career in an era to ensure I am at the vanguard of trends. I will do that so that I can make sure anybody benefits similarly and is included against abuse and misuse of improvements.

    Providing a Voice to Those Who Do Not Have One;

    I agree that even individuals who can not afford expert representation deserve the same possibility as others. For this motive, I will work to similarly my information and information in expert or felony regions. I will pursue a professional profession that furthers my ability to provide representation to the less fortunate. In doing this, I can spread equity and fairness inside my network.

    To Empower My Children to Be Great;

    I dedicate that I will do all that I can to present my youngsters with a first-class life feasible. I will make certain they’ve gotten the right of entry to healthy food and are empowered to apprehend precise fitness and nutrients. I will provide a roof over their head and get entry schooling so that they will not need anything. I will now not permit them to end up egocentric or complacent via being spoiled through excess. I will teach them to realize and use the stableness and financial surplus I will provide them to enhance their own lives and bless others.

    Becoming Confident;

    It is easy to focus most effectively on the awful inside the global. Constant reporting of poor activities makes the world seem hopeless. I decided to focus on the high-quality and the best inside the world and to develop the positivity and goodness in my existence. I will focus on being assured in all that I do and inspire others to also be assured. In doing this, I can live an effective and fulfilled existence, and I understand that I may have a long-lasting impact on others.

    To Inspire Others to Achieve;

    We best paintings to attain what we will consider, and our creativeness is fashioned by experience. Some humans are constrained with the aid of their occasions and believe best in small dreams. I need to be very pleased that I can be, to commit to lifelong gaining knowledge of and improvement. I need to be an inspiring instance to others. Through my example, they may see that they can attain the identical. I want to broaden my abilities that permit me to enhance my network thru both volunteering and my professional work.

    To Be a Positive Impact on the Next Generation;

    I am trying to find to live a fulfilled life and bring the cost to the arena by being a tremendous influence on children. I commit to being an effective function version for them, to instill in them important values and skills. I will educate them on the cost of critical ideas and wonder about the arena. I will work tough to help them enhance themselves which allows me to help to improve the lives of others. I will do all that I can so they remember that absolutely everyone is precious and they treat all and sundry with dignity and appreciation.

    Conclusion;

    One of the primary differences between successful people like Oprah Winfrey, Amanda Steinberg, and Stephen Covey, and maximum everyday humans, is the use of personal increase gear like imaginative and prescient boards and excellent imaginative and prescient statements. The first step to enhancing any vicinity of your life that you prefer to change is to jot down your announcement. The best vision assertion is a concise declaration that makes your number one dreams clean, be they economic opportunity, religious development, or anything it is which you choose. Your vision declaration ought to additionally sincerely state why you desire each goal and how it’s going to trade your existence.

    28 Doubts of Personal Vision Statement Examples Image
    28 Doubts of Personal Vision Statement Examples; Image by Megan Rexazin from Pixabay.
  • Top 50 Doubts of Passive Income Ideas Which Ones

    Top 50 Doubts of Passive Income Ideas Which Ones

    What are passive streams of earnings? “Passive Income Ideas” refers to paintings that you could do element-time or methods to earn cash fast without doing tons of paintings.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define the Top 50 Doubts of Passive Income Ideas Which One is Best for You!

    Let’s examine the top 50 outstanding passive income ideas approaches to obtaining monetary independence via income passive revenue streams.

    Write an EBook;

    The high-quality manner to get started with that is via reading what different human beings are doing. Visit Amazon and take a look at what’s popular. You may additionally need to spend money on courses that display you a way to create and promote eBooks.

    • Advantages: The biggest gain of writing an eBook is that you only ought to do it as soon as. After that, you could sell the virtual documents in an infinite quantity of instances. This form of commercial enterprise additionally runs 24/7 and is without problems automatic.
    • Disadvantages: One hassle with eBooks is that you need a sure quantity of ability to jot down an e-book. This consists of information on the subject and the capability to write (that being stated, you may outsource the writing.) You additionally need to market and promote your book, that’s difficult to do efficiently.

    Sell Stock Photos;

    Dozens of websites purchase inventory images (two of the excellent stock picture sites are Shutterstock and iStock). What’s high-quality about this approach is that you don’t even need a digital camera. The IPhones’ paintings are just as well.

    • Advantages: Once you take a photo, you can sell it multiple times. This is likewise a fun task if you enjoy pictures.
    • Disadvantages: Taking pix is lots of work. You may also invest huge amounts of cash into gadgets. There’s also the danger that your pictures might not promote.

    Buy Vending Machines;

    Did the merchandising system enterprise make a dollar nine billion a yr? With a fairly small investment, you can get a slice of this pie. If this concept appeals to you, the satisfactory component to do is to take an online course. These publications will teach you the bits and bobs of the enterprise and additionally provide unique advice for buying starting. Vending has some excellent online guides.

    • Advantages: What’s also fantastic about these machines is that they make you cash 24/7. If you don’t need to spend money on vending machines, personal ATMs are another alternative.
    • Disadvantages: This idea may additionally take a big upfront investment. It can also be difficult to locate your machines and hold them. Another threat is that human beings won’t buy out of your vending machines.

    Record Audio Books;

    Imagine earning money by way of truly sitting at home and talking right into a microphone. You could make this dream a reality by way of becoming an expert audiobook recorder.

    EBook authors are constantly searching for human beings to record their books. For example, Amazon’s ACX has a signup web page for narrators. You can also check out freelancer platforms like Fiverr or Upwork.

    • Advantages: With the rise of self-publishing, there’s almost unlimited work to be had. Depending on how in-call for your services are, you could best should paintings a few hours a day to attain your goal profits.
    • Disadvantages: You’ll want an appealing talking voice to qualify for this process. It can also be a hard mission. Recording an 8,000-word novel isn’t easy and might take weeks.

    Start a Blog;

    With social media turning unpopular among some demographics, humans are returning to blogs. Creating a blog is easier than most people think. Nowadays, you don’t even want your website to do it. For example, dozens of systems let you begin a blog without cost, like Wix and Weebly.

    • Advantages: Bloggers can earn cash using selling marketing and by way of selling digital products via associate hyperlinks. A successful blog can also be used to release an internet direction. With running a blog, you’re your boss, and you could do it whenever and everywhere.
    • Disadvantages: You’ll need suitable writing ability to create weblog posts, or the capacity to recognize what good writing is so that you can lease writers. You will want to recognize digital advertising ideas, consisting of search engine optimization, which you can learn about via taking note of The Blogging Millionaire podcast.

    Make Craft Goods;

    This works satisfactorily in case you’re already properly at some form of craft. Etsy is a web market created for homemade items and is probably you’re fine bet in case you’re inquisitive about this kind of stuff.

    • Advantages: There are dozens of online structures in which you can make cash from your abilities. Depending on the way you charge your merchandise, you may make heaps of passive income ideas.
    • Disadvantages: One hassle with this concept is that you’ll want to invest money in materials. You’ll additionally need fundamental enterprise talents to drag this off. Creating handmade crafts is extremely time-ingesting and may take the amusement out of your interest.

    Start an Airbnb;

    Airbnb is more popular than ever and a remarkable concept for humans who have a condominium home or apartment. Even renting your spare room can carry in passive income ideas.

    Platforms like Airbnb, Share My Space, and Neighbor makes this smooth. If you’re interested in renting out your residing quarters, take a glance a examine these websites.

    • Advantages: You can use space which you already very own.
    • Disadvantages: This concept can take a lot more effort than it seems. For instance, you need to smooth, grant, and keep your rental space. You additionally ought to deal with visitors (consisting of capacity felony troubles) and pay AirBnB a cut of your income.

    Buy a Storage Unit;

    Believe it or not, longer, this may nonetheless be worthwhile funding. Start via seeing what’s to be had. Are human beings selling their units, and for the way a great deal? Call all the local garage corporations and ask if they have space. Doing this facilitates you to recognize the delivery and call for in your area.

    If neighborhood agencies have a large range of empty devices, it indicates that the marketplace is horrific right now for this kind of investment. On the opposite hand, many occupied units are a very good sign that human beings are actively looking for storage areas.

    • Advantages: What’s remarkable approximately this idea is that there’s almost no work required. Other than locating renters and maintaining the unit, there’s very little to do.
    • Disadvantages: This concept calls for huge up-front funding. There’s the risk that no person rents your unit. You can also have to cope with a Storage Wars scenario in which the renter abandons the unit and ceases payment.

    Invest in Domains;

    Domain investing is essentially an enterprise in which you buy domains and promote them for a profit. To get into this commercial enterprise, you’ll find out about search engine optimization. This will assist you to recognize how domain names work and which ones are well worth investing in.

    • Advantages: Many domain names are notably precious and sell for thousands of bucks. This is also an extraordinarily clean way to make money (assuming you already know) and doesn’t take a great deal of painting.
    • Disadvantages: It is an unstable approach to making passive income ideas. Just because you very own a sure area doesn’t necessarily suggest that someone will buy it. Just like buying stocks, you’ll need understanding and skill to choose worthwhile winners.

    Sell Vintage Clothing Online;

    Online fashion marketplaces are thriving. Every day, sellers from around the world make heaps of dollars promoting new and used garb. The first-class manner to do that is with online marketplaces inclusive of eBay and Facebook Marketplace. You may also install a Shopify keep.

    This is a notable preference for people who realize approximately style. You can cheaply purchase clothes from 2nd-hand shops and sell them online for lots of bucks. For example, entrepreneur Sophia Amoruso is well-known for making tens of millions with this approach.

    • Advantages: For folks who like style, the paintings concerned may be both interesting and exciting.
    • Disadvantages: It takes time to find garments and promote them. You will need to make investments in money into buying apparel. After you buy your inventory, there’s no assurance that you’ll promote enough to get your money back or make money.

    Sell Products Through Print on Demand;

    You’ve possibly observed that famous influencers promote merchandise like t-shirts and hoodies. They do that through the use of something known as “print on call for.” This is essentially where a third-party organization prints objects you’ve designed. To get commenced, go to Café Press, Amazon Merch, or Teespring.

    • Advantages: The biggest gain of this technique is that you simplest pay for products when you sell them.
    • Disadvantages: The fulfillment of this concept will depend on your capacity to promote products. It may even depend upon the enchantment of your designs.

    Create an Online Course;

    Are you an instructor or skilled in some manner? For instance, perhaps you’re a non-public finance professional or a yoga trainer. It’s viable to monetize those competencies with online courses.

    With digital tools, constructing an online course is less complicated than ever. There are dozens of platforms for doing this, like Thinkific, Learnworlds, and Kajabi.

    • Advantages: You can use sought-after capabilities which you have already got.
    • Disadvantages: You will create the path material, promote your classes, and recruit college students. Doing these things with excellence will be time-eating and can feel like a full-time task.

    Start an Affiliate Marketing Business;

    The easiest manner to explain this idea is that you’re essentially a virtual salesman. For example, Amazon has an affiliate program where you’re paid a fee on every product you sell for them. Clickbank, Share Sale, and CJ Affiliate is other systems that use a similar business model.

    • Advantages: Depending on what you’re selling, this commercial enterprise is extraordinarily rewarding. The more true news is that those forms of businesses are without problems computerized and make you cash around the clock.
    • Disadvantages: Getting to begin in this commercial enterprise is difficult. You’ll be competing towards greater skilled and installed people. You’ll also invest money in such things as buying online commercials, setting up websites, and many others.

    Start a YouTube Channel;

    YouTube is larger than ever. The first-rate manner to start a successful YouTube channel is genuine with the aid of copying what’s popular. Another clean manner is using making videos based totally on popular culture. For example, you may make motion pictures reviewing movies, TV suggests, or video video games.

    • Advantages: You don’t need unique capabilities or cash to spend money on inventory or gear, and the movies in your channel can be quick. There may be very little threat in beginning a channel and developing a motion picture grow not necessarily take a whole lot of time. For these reasons, this is one of the simplest approaches to making passive income ideas earnings streams.
    • Disadvantages: The hassle with YouTube is that it’s oversaturated, so you will have to stick out from the gang. It’s no longer sufficient to sit down in the front of your webcam and talk. You need an original idea subsidized by using wonderful videos with slick production values. It might also take years to build your audience.

    Start an Instagram Account;

    Instagram is one of the biggest websites international. This platform is a great suit for folks who are young and attractive. It additionally helps when you have a unique skill or creative capacity.

    • Advantages: Top influencers are extraordinarily favorite for advertising deals and sponsorships. For instance, The Rock reportedly earns millions on this platform.
    • Disadvantages: Building a social media account is one of the toughest ways to make cash online. Unless you have got a big target audience and may interact with them, you’ll in no way get anywhere.

    Purchase Rental Property;

    Making cash off of condominium residences has been around for a completely long term and continues to be one of the best passive income ideas thoughts that there may be. Get commenced with the aid of looking through the diverse real estate listings in your area. This ought to give you an idea of the common property expenses and what’s available. There are online articles and neighborhood actual estate funding golf equipment that will help you get educated in this form of funding method.

    • Advantages: With condo assets, you may make passive income ideas earnings month after month. If you do it properly, your tenants may be paying off your mortgage. In different phrases, the tenants will purchase the belongings for you.
    • Disadvantages: Rental properties may be a work. This consists of such things as locating proper tenants who pay on time and appearing renovation. You’ll want to be sufficiently creditworthy to get a mortgage to buy the assets (plus have the downpayment) or have enough money to shop for it for cash.

    Invest in REITs and Property Crowd-Funding;

    A real estate investment consider allows you to spend money on real estate indirectly. It is a simple way to invest in real property with very few paintings. The internet additionally lets in you try this through crowd investment. If you’re interested in this, take a look at platforms like Realty Share, Fund Rise, and Realty Mogul.

    • Advantages: As your investments appreciate, you’ll earn dividends. Real property investing handiest takes a couple of hundred bucks to get began.
    • Disadvantages: Because you’re investing, it can take some time before you notice profitable returns. You’ll need to invest extreme amounts of cash in case you want to peer decent consequences. You will need to pay charges to the agree with, and your capital gains may be taxed at a higher rate.

    Invest within the Stock Market;

    Stock buying and selling are one of the greatest passive income ideas assets. Smart traders could make thousands and thousands from dividend stocks. The high-quality way of initially buying and selling is by doing something referred to as paper trading. This is an exercise where you’re making simulated trades so that you can practice trading without risking actual money.

    • Advantages: Smart (and fortunate) buyers can make thousands and thousands in a single day. This is also a process you may do from domestic.
    • Disadvantages: Stock investments are risky. There’s a steep mastering curve, and you can lose cash. That being said, positive financial merchandise, like mutual price range and index funds, are safer than character stocks. You can ask an economic marketing consultant for assistance. In addition to all this, you’ll additionally need cash to make your preliminary investment inside the inventory market.

    Make Money with Your Car;

    This is an exquisite manner to make extra cash speedy. There are dozens of approaches to do this. If you want thoughts, test platforms like Uber, Turo, Get Around, Hyre Car, Lyft, Door Dash, and Insta-Cart.

    • Advantages: There’s no work in advance. Just get to your vehicle and go.
    • Disadvantages: This method dangerous harm your vehicle, which might be a hazard if you need that vehicle to get to work or to take kids to school. Downsides also include additional wear and tear, having to buy fuel, and private safety on the road and from passengers.

    Lend Money to People;

    Peer lending (additionally referred to as p2p lending) is a way in which you earn money via making quick-time period loans. You can try this with systems like The Lending Club, Peerform, Prosper Marketplace, and Upstart.

    • Advantages: With this approach, you can earn a go back of up to 7%.
    • Disadvantages: You’ll need money to get began. There’s additionally the hazard that the individual may additionally default on their monthly bills.

    Get Paid to Shop;

    There are online buying websites that pay you to keep. Top Cash Back is probably the best platform for this. Some credit cards also have profitable rewards programs, which you may take benefit of.

    • Advantages: For a few, there’s no extra exciting way to make cash.
    • Disadvantages: You will spend big amounts of money to earn something. You will very not often get cash returned and could generally have to spend your rewards on buying greater products. Having to store at certain websites can also be a problem.

    Buy a Website;

    Did you already know there are online structures wherein you could buy cash-making websites? This is an exceptional source of passive income ideas and is sort of like owning a small commercial enterprise. Two systems to test out are Flippa and Shopify’s Exchange Marketplace.

    • Advantages: Buying an internet site can be accomplished speedy, and you can buy one with little or no cash and work your manner as much as higher and greater steeply-priced websites as your abilities develop.
    • Disadvantages: Just like being a business proprietor, this technique comes with many dangers. It’s smooth to get ripped off or buy a website that doesn’t make money. You’ll also preserve the website, which calls for positive skills.

    Invest in Crypto-Currencies;

    Crypto-currencies are hotter than warm. People are making millions with those coins, and you may have the same form of good fortune.

    • Advantages: You will want to study loads and study the whole lot you may about this business earlier than you make investments a penny.
    • Disadvantages: Part of the problem with crypto-currencies is the insane quantity of hype surrounding them. It’s hard to realize which cash to put money into and if they’ll pay off. For every story of a single day’s riches, there’s every other where buyers have lost the whole thing.

    Sell Graphic Designs;

    It’s now possible to promote your designs online. If you’re a photograph clothier with expertise, this is a super aspect hustle. Places to do that encompass 99 Designs, Theme Forest, and Creative Market.

    • Advantages: The biggest gain is that you could be your boss and make a profit promoting your work. Working flexible hours from home is any other gain.
    • Disadvantages: The keyword right here is expertise. Unless you’re correct, people aren’t going to buy your paintings. Even in case you are proper, case you do no longer successfully market your designs, people will not find you.

    Rent out Your Garage;

    If you’re no longer using your garage, then this is one of the pleasant methods to make extra cash. You also can do this with more areas in your own home. It’s even viable to make cash renting your driveway or parking space. Take a study Neighbor in case you’re interested in doing this.

    • Advantages: The fine component approximately this technique is that there’s very little work involved. This makes it a brilliant technique for individuals who don’t have much time on their fingers.
    • Disadvantages: There are problems like finding renters and accumulating your condominium earnings. You’ll also deal with people coming inside and outside.

    Create NFTs;

    NFTs, or Non Fungible Tokens, are virtual collectibles. The work of the usage of the blockchain era is now a billion-greenback enterprise. For example, an employer calling themselves Bored Ape Yacht membership created 10,000 NFTs, several of which can be now really worth dollar 200,000. To examine extra about this, go to Open Sea.

    • Advantages: This is a relatively clean way to make thousands and thousands in a single day.
    • Disadvantages: This business is primarily constructed on hype and trends. With that method, you’re notably unlikely to have the equal kind of fulfillment that others have had.

    Build a Job Board;

    There are dozens of software program systems for making task boards. Some of these consist of Smart Job Board and Nice Board. If you need to try this idea, then the area of interest is down as small as viable. It’s loads higher to begin aboard to your metropolis or metropolis rather than looking to move nationwide.

    • Advantages: You can make wholesome earnings without tons of paintings. Also, as soon as the board is set up, there’s little or no attempt required.
    • Disadvantages: Getting started is tough, by and large, because of marketplace oversaturation. You’ll also want technical capabilities to set up the board.

    Start a Classifieds Website;

    As with activity forums, there are dozens of software program systems for classifieds sites. Some of the most extremely good include Market Grabber and Oxy Classifieds.

    • Advantages: A hit categorized website could make you money with minimal attempt.
    • Disadvantages: The market for that is completely saturated. Getting your internet site off the ground will be difficult, and you’ll need technical abilities to run it.

    Build No-Code Apps;

    Ever wanted to build apps for mobile devices? Modern software tools let you do this without having to code. If you’re involved, test systems like Click Up, Appy Pie, and Air Table.

    • Advantages: Using these platforms is simple, even for a total novice. If you’ve got an incredible concept for an app, this will be your route to financial freedom.
    • Disadvantages: You’ll want a certain level of design talent to construct first-class mobile apps. You’ll also need to create an app that human beings need to apply.

    Invent Something;

    Inventors nonetheless exist, believe it or no longer. Consider looking at the respectable website of the US patent and trademark workplace to check in case your idea has already been patented or has a patent application pending.

    • Advantages: Inventors can earn thousands and thousands thru royalties. Even in case, you create something simple, it’s still viable to earn a variety of cash. Perhaps even extra attractive, if your invention is crucial to society, you will earn your vicinity in records.
    • Disadvantages: There are numerous outstanding hurdles whilst you are attempting to make money off an invention. Beyond inventing something, you may want to broaden a prototype and successfully market your concept. Though now not important, you may need to document for a patent or the applicable felony safety (which includes copyright or trademark) in your idea so that someone else doesn’t copy your concept and take it to market.

    Sell Spreadsheets;

    Are you excellent with spreadsheets? There’s a high call for this ability. Visit Spread Sheet Nut for more information.

    • Advantages: This is an extraordinary manner to get extra mileage out of your spreadsheet competencies.
    • Disadvantages: The kinds of spreadsheets human beings buy are commonly rather complicated, which means this method isn’t acceptable for beginners.

    Sell Retail Products Online;

    Selling merchandise online, or “flipping” because it’s additionally recognized, is a simple manner to grow your cash flow. The principle is straightforward: purchase physical products at low costs and sell them for higher prices online. The most famous locations to do that are Facebook Marketplace and eBay.

    • Advantages: This is a good idea for people who don’t have the competencies for some of the opposite earnings thoughts or have a great deal of free time.
    • Disadvantages: The massive difficulty here is locating cheap products which you can sell online at a better margin. This is hard, and you can warfare to make an income.

    Put Ads on Your Car;

    Did you know some organizations pay to region marketing in your automobile? In this manner, you can earn extra earnings through sincerely riding round. Two corporations that try this are Carvertise and Wrapify.

    • Advantages: If you drive for Uber, Lyft, or Door Dash, then this will suit you perfectly. It’s additionally one of the simplest styles of passive income ideas.
    • Disadvantages: Some agencies have hoops you have to bounce through. For example, you’re frequently required to drive a certain quantity of miles in keeping with day/month/week.

    Rent Valuable Items;

    Do you own things like machinery or strength gear? You could make smooth cash by renting them. Start by way of going through your things and making an evaluation. Decide what you could and can’t lease. Check out neighborhood classified sites to see what different humans are renting or seeking to rent.

    • Advantages: This is a top-notch way of placing unused objects in paintings.
    • Disadvantages: You’ll need to very own something that people need to hire. There’s additionally the danger of non-price, theft, and harm to your objects.

    Extreme Couponing;

    “Extreme couponing” is when you use coupons to shop in bulk. These items are then offered at a higher rate. YouTube has masses of motion pictures on this subject matter. You can also test out the TV show known as “Extreme Couponing” for notion.

    • Advantages: There is very little competition in this enterprise which makes it tremendous for novices.
    • Disadvantages: Making money this way is difficult to paint. You’ll locate the coupons and drive to buy the goods. The margins in this business are extraordinarily narrow.

    Open up a High Yield Savings Account;

    This is a special form of bank account that has better than the common hobby price. With online banks, you can without problems open this type of account and start earning passive income. Discover Bank Online Savings and American Express National Bank are stated to be the two right ones. Alliant Credit Union is meant to be every other first-rate service issuer.

    • Advantages: With this technique, you could make passive income ideas without lifting a finger and take advantage of the strength of compound interest.
    • Disadvantages: Though those bills are excellent passive income ideas investments, you’ll need a big upfront investment to make them profitable.

    Invest in a Business or Startup;

    Many groups are suffering and desperately looking for investors. A true way to spend money on a commercial enterprise or startup is by joining an angel investors group. Together with the other buyers in the group, you could search for and evaluate groups that want capital. The Angel Capital Association offers information on finding these companies.

    • Advantages: Invest wisely, and you could preserve to make cash without ever running once more.
    • Disadvantages: Finding the proper business is tougher than it seems. You’ll additionally want money to make investments and aren’t assured a return.

    License or Sell Your Music;

    Licensing or promoting your song is a splendid idea for musicians for want to make side earnings. You can license or promote your tune for advertisements, films, TV, and video video games to media organizations. The net makes this less difficult than ever. Check out Marmoset, Pond5, and PremiumBeat.

    • Advantages: It takes very little attempt to do that and earn a residual income.
    • Disadvantages: Finding folks who need to license your music is hard. You additionally earn little or no money, making this a difficult manner to earn a substantial profit.

    Buy and Sell Baseball Cards;

    Everyone is aware that baseball playing cards are precious. With effort, you may get into this market. Modern Baseball Card Investor through Jeff Hwang, and Mr. Mint’s Insider’s Guide to Investing in Baseball using Allen Rosen, are incredible books on this topic.

    • Advantages: If you’re a baseball fanatic, that is a laugh manner to earn extra cash.
    • Disadvantages: This is a hard enterprise to get into. You’ll want money to make investments and can struggle if you don’t realize a good deal approximately baseball. It can also take a long term for positive cards to appreciate.

    Volunteer for Clinical Trials;

    Did you recognize you may earn a dollar 3,000 on common with the aid of signing up for medical research? You also can make money by way of donating your blood. Take a observe ClinicalTrials.Gov if you need to get worried. RedCrossBlood.Org will tell you whereinto donate your blood.

    • Advantages: You can earn money and do something properly for society at the same time.
    • Disadvantages: This may sound like a very good idea, but there is a danger of unfavorable your fitness. Many scientific trials are also difficult and take months to complete.

    Complete Online Surveys;

    Can you’re making dollar thousands by taking online surveys? Probably not, however, there are many valid opportunities online. Swagbucks and Inbox Dollars are some of the better-known systems.

    • Advantages: Assuming you’re successful, that is an almost convenient way to make cash and takes very little talent.
    • Disadvantages: Finding these possibilities is extremely tough. In addition to this, you grow not to make much money according to the survey.

    Start a Drop Shipping Store;

    Dropshipping is an enterprise version wherein customers purchase merchandise from an intermediary. When a person makes an order, it’s miles than as much as the producer to deliver the goods. If you’re seeking out suppliers who try this, take a look at out Oberlo, CJDropshipping, and SupplyMeDirect.

    • Advantages: You don’t need to spend money on inventory for your commercial enterprise.
    • Disadvantages: With this technique, you face the usual problems that include running an internet enterprise, along with preserving an online keep and bringing in customers.

    Start a Podcast;

    Podcasts are nevertheless enormously famous. If you’re a success, it’s viable to earn cash via advertising and marketing, sponsorships, and Patreon subscriptions. Podcast Insights has a loose route for people who want to find out about the way to start a podcast.

    • Advantages: This is notable for people with exciting matters to say. The fine component is which you’ll handiest ought to paintings some hours in keeping with week.
    • Disadvantages: With one hundred’s podcasts available, competition is extraordinarily stiff. Building your target audience might also take years. You’ll to placed in the attempt needed to record, produce, and add your podcast.

    Sell Videos;

    News businesses are constantly searching for footage. If you’re fortunate sufficient to seize a coincidence, violent crime, or natural catastrophe, you could without problems promote these photos. Sports games, animals, and humorous motion pictures are also popular. Two websites that purchase movies are Newsflare and Rumble.

    • Advantages: There isn’t a lot of work worried about promoting movies. News stations and other media ought to grow to be paying tens of hundreds for your video.
    • Disadvantages: The largest drawback is that you have to capture something specific or interesting. This either approaches getting lucky or spending hours seeking out footage.

    Become a Referral Marketer;

    Some organizations will pay you for referring customers. For instance, local real property sellers and attorneys regularly try this. The fine manner to begin is by asking them if they have a referral program and how much they pay.

    • Advantages: People with natural income skills will discover this easy to do and can make good money doing it.
    • Disadvantages: Being a referral marketer may additionally require big quantities of work as it might be difficult to discover potential customers. Even after you find a potential consumer and make the referral, you may likely best be paid if the man or woman buys something.

    Wash Clothing;

    You can position your washing gadget to apply via taking in extra laundry. Customers drop their garments off at your house, and also you supply freshly laundered clothing. If this appears like something you’d love to do, then Facebook Marketplace is an awesome location to sell yourself.

    • Advantages: This is a superb desire for individuals who make money working from home with a flexible timetable that lets them stand up and alternate out loads.
    • Disadvantages: This isn’t the most glamorous manner of being profitable, however, it will pay the payments.

    Cook for People;

    If you experience cooking or baking, why no longer start a catering enterprise, or supply home-cooked food? Facebook Marketplace might be an excellent region to advertise these services.

    • Advantages: This is a fantastically clean manner to earn a dwelling and a great healthy for folks who no longer have expert skills but like to cook and do it properly.
    • Disadvantages: Cooking, baking, and handing over, not to say cleansing up in a while, is time-eating, with extraordinarily skinny profit margins.

    House Hacking;

    This is an idea wherein you purchase a house after which use the rent bills from your roommates to cancel out your mortgage bills. Alternatively, you can rent a house and do the same thing. The House Hacking Strategy by Craig Curelop explains this idea in detail.

    • Advantages: Everyone desires an area to stay, so this earnings-incomes approach can be finished further to others and takes no time as soon as you’ve got roommates.
    • Disadvantages: You may additionally struggle to discover roommates or have difficulties with them. If you own the house, you’ll additionally need to maintain the property.

    Housesitting;

    If you’re interested in this, check out Trusted Housesitters. In addition to housesitting, you could also babysit or look after humans pets.

    • Advantages: This method is super because it gives you time to do different matters, like working for your online enterprise.
    • Disadvantages: Housesitting is a good-sized duty. If anything is going incorrect, you may be in serious problem.

    Online Jobs and Market Places;

    If you’re searching for a work-from-home possibility, there are numerous matters you could do. Some of those consist of transcribing audio documents, doing facts access, or even simple reproduction and paste jobs. Check out Fiverr and Upwork for extra thoughts.

    • Advantages: These jobs allow you to earn a living from home or part-time. Though you have clients, you don’t have a chairman and may choose who you need to paint for with each contract.
    • Disadvantages: Finding steady paintings is difficult. The sum of money earned will vary, and you can find it tough to make enough income.

    Conclusion;

    With those thoughts, you may earn money in your free time and additionally do it without a great deal attempt Passive Income ideas. You can then use that cash to attain economic safety, pay payments, and even pay off pupil loans.

    Top 50 Doubts of Passive Income Ideas Which Ones Image
    Top 50 Doubts of Passive Income Ideas Which Ones; Image by Megan Rexazin from Pixabay.